Where Is Everyone? An Examination of Attendance at College Football Bowl Games

Eddy, Terence; Rascher, Daniel A.; Stewart, Rebecca

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2924139

Cited by 6 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Finally, the analysis for this study incorporates several additional control variables in an effort to isolate the effect of the variable of interest and control for any changes over time among key measures. These control variables were selected based on prior studies specifically examining attendance within college football (Eddy et al, 2016;Falls and Natke, 2016;Mirabile, 2015;Price and Sen, 2003) and include regional population, prior year attendance, number of home contests and team success.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, any empirical investigation within the field would require researchers to account for these discrepancies. Third, the impact of the outsourcing decision must be isolated from other factors which have been identified in the literature as impacting ticket sales and attendance, such as team success and area population (Pan et al, 1999;Eddy et al, 2016;Hansen and Gauthier, 1989).…”

Section: Factors Impacting Demand and Attendancementioning

confidence: 99%

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An examination of the effects of outsourcing ticket sales force management

Popp

Jensen

McEvoy

et al. 2020

IJSMS

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PurposeThe purpose of the study is to ascertain whether sport organizations which outsource ticket sales force management outperform sports organizations which manage their ticket sales force internally, relative to ticket revenue and attendance.Design/methodology/approachThirteen years of ticket revenue and football attendance data were collected for National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football bowl subdivision (FBS) Division I Athletics Departments (n = 126), as well as data on whether the organization employed an external (outsourced), internal or no ticket sales force. The number of salespeople employed was also captured. Within-subjects, fixed effects regression models, which included several control variables such as number of home contests, prior season attendance, team success and population, were run to assess the relationship between sales force type and both ticket revenue and attendance, for one year, two years and three years after sales force establishment.FindingsAll models were significant. While both internally managed ticket sales forces and those managed by outsourced firms saw significant increases in ticket revenue (compared to not employing a sales force), internally managed departments outperformed third parties. In addition, departments utilizing outsourcing companies reported lower attendance for the first two years after outsourcing, but attendance differences were negligible by the third year of outsourcing.Practical implicationsThe results of the study provide data to help sport managers determine whether outsourcing sales functions within an organization will lead to greater ticket revenue and/or attendance.Originality/valueWhile several sport management studies have examined the decision-making process of outsourcing organizational functions, no prior studies have examined the financial implications of doing so.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Impacting Demand and Attendancementioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of the effects of outsourcing ticket sales force management

Popp

Jensen

McEvoy

et al. 2020

IJSMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, we controlled for overall team season record which is calculated as the number of winning games divided by total number of winning, losing and tied games (total games). Multiple studies suggested that games of teams with higher overall results achieve higher levels of public attendance (Czarnitzki and Stadtmann, 2002; Groza, 2010; Eddy et al , 2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of good behavior in college football teams in the USA

Alvarado-Vargas

Zou

2019

IJSMS

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on two internal organizational factors in college football teams (team powerfulness and team reputation) and their combined relationship on game attendance. Authors aim to validate new data published by Wall Street Journal (WSJ) and NCAA websites; and to develop a new conceptual model to examine the interaction effect of team powerfulness and team reputation on game attendance. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on secondary data collected from the WSJ’s “College Football’s Grid of Shame” publication and the NCAA official website. Data for 123 US college football teams are collected representing 13 conferences for seasons 2010–2014. Multi-level regressions are utilized for statistical analyses. Findings Results reveal that not only team’s powerfulness is required for more public attendance to games, but also team reputation strengthens this relationship. In other words, team reputation plays an important role in increasing games’ attendance. Team reputation alone does not bring more attendees to games. Originality/value This paper studies the relevance of team reputation in the field of sports management. This paper argues that in order to achieve superior financial benefits in college football games, it is important to properly manage team powerfulness and its legal and ethical behavior. In this way, a positive reputation can leverage game attendance to a larger extent.

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“…While accepting an invitation is not mandatory, nearly all teams who are extended an invitation accept. For the host committees, it is important to attract the most favorable match-up, in order to maximize the in-person attendance that is critical to the survival of the event (Coates and Depken, 2011;Eddy et al, 2016). Many host committees have developed relationships with various university conferences, creating a tiered system of bowl games and invitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maximizing visitors at college football bowl games

Popp

Jensen

Jackson

2017

IJEFM

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to isolate factors predictive of event attendees, and assist tourism professionals such as members of host committees, in maximizing the number of out-of-town visitors to their region and optimizing tourism-related revenue when hosting college football bowl games. Design/methodology/approach A total of 16 demand variables were entered into a hierarchical regression model, including the stature of the event and market-related variables, as well as team-related variables reflecting team or program stature and current season performance. Findings A final model containing seven variables (bowl age, market population, conference affiliation, bowl game stature, season wins, home attendance, and distance traveled) predicted 77.5 percent of the variance in bowl game attendance. Research limitations/implications This paper illustrates the use of predictive modeling for major sport event attendance with a unique sample and variables explored. Future research may build off the model to explore attendance for other populations or events. Practical implications The applied nature of this study allows practitioners working in the tourism and event management field to incorporate a predictive model to best select participants in sporting events to maximize event attendees. Originality/value Understanding the variables which predict event attendees in the context of college football bowl games provide useful data to practitioners. This study advances this area of research by treating event participants as unique observations (something which has not been done in prior studies), and looking at a new data set which incorporates the College Football Playoff era.

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Where Is Everyone? An Examination of Attendance at College Football Bowl Games

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

An examination of the effects of outsourcing ticket sales force management

An examination of the effects of outsourcing ticket sales force management

The importance of good behavior in college football teams in the USA

Maximizing visitors at college football bowl games

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