Where Does Cluster Zoning Fit in Farmland Protection?

Daniels, Tom

doi:10.1080/01944369708975730

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…By contrast, Arendt (1994) has advocated clustering as a farmland preservation technique. Yet clustering has not been used in the leading agricultural areas, but rather in suburbanizing communities (Daniels 1997). Corser (2003) describes the use of limited development with land preservation in Routt County, Colorado, noting that developers, rather than ranchers, have been the ones to negotiate bonus lots in return for land preservation.…”

Section: Natural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Preservation: An Essential Ingredient in Smart Growth

Daniels

Lapping

2005

Journal of Planning Literature

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The preservation of land for working rural landscapes, wildlife habitat, urban parks, recreational trails, and protecting water supplies and floodplains is emerging as an integral component of smart growth programs. Both the general public and nonprofit organizations have been willing to spend billions of dollars on land preservation because of a perception that traditional land use planning and regulation are not successfully accommodating growth or protecting valuable natural resources. The literature on smart growth has largely overlooked the potential of land preservation to curb sprawl and to foster livable communities. The literature on land preservation has focused on the mechanics of conservation easements and land purchases rather than on how land preservation can fit in the comprehensive planning process to achieve community smart growth goals. More research needs to be done on the strategic use of land preservation in shaping and directing growth as part of a comprehensive planning effort. focused on the mechanics of conservation easements and land purchases rather than on how land preservation can fit in the comprehensive planning process to achieve community smart growth goals. More research needs to be done on the strategic use of land preservation in shaping and directing growth as part of a comprehensive planning effort.4

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Section: Natural Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Preservation: An Essential Ingredient in Smart Growth

Daniels

Lapping

2005

Journal of Planning Literature

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“…There is a concern that preserved tracts will be non-contiguous and development will be intermingled with farming and that this will limit the viability of agriculture (Daniels 1997). Although we are not modeling the location decision, and thus cannot fully address this issue here, our inclusion of the surrounding land variables in the model will indicate whether the free market tends to put more or less dense subdivisions next to preserved farms.…”

Section: Surrounding Land Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoning, TDRs and the density of development

McConnell

Walls

Kopits

2006

Journal of Urban Economics

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Many communities on the urban fringe are implementing a range of policies to preserve farmland and open space, cluster residential development, and guide development to areas with existing infrastructure. These efforts are an attempt to control overall growth and the concomitant loss in open space and also to counter a trend toward the so-called large lot development that often takes place in these areas. Planners have argued that policies to manage density are the most important local policy focus for urban areas in the coming years.It is possible that large lot development and sprawl are themselves the result of government policy. Most local governments use zoning to establish minimum acreage requirements for each residential dwelling unit; in ex-urban localities, these limits are often quite high. Developers might build a subdivision with average lot sizes greater than the minimum but they cannot by law go below it. Some researchers have argued, however, that the spatial patterns of development are simply the natural result of household preferences and market forces.In this paper, we address the question of whether zoning limits are the primary cause of lowdensity, sprawling development or whether market forces tend to dictate this outcome. If zoning limits account for low-density development in at least some cases, how would development patterns be different if there had been no such rules? We begin by constructing a simple model of the developer decision about the density of new development. The subdivision is the unit of observation, and developers must weigh both demand and cost considerations in choosing density, in addition to complying with zoning restrictions that vary across parcels. We apply the model using parcel-level data from a region where zoning rules vary but are exogenous to the period under study. Calvert County, Maryland, near Washington, DC, is an historically rural county that has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The county has a transferable development rights (TDRs) program that has led to a great deal of variability in the intensity of development across properties. We are able to not only examine the extent to which zoning has contributed to large lot development but also to determine the economic forces that underlie density decisions. Finally, we are able to forecast how density would have been different in the absence of zoning rules by estimating a Tobit equation that is censored for the observations constrained by zoning.

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“…According to some estimates, as much as 30% of prime farmland lies within metropolitan statistical areas and adjacent counties (Daniels, 1997). These communities are struggling to balance additional development with a desire to 23-year period from county records.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using markets for land preservation: Results of a TDR program

McConnell

Kopits²,

Walls

2006

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management

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This paper reviews different approaches to using transferable development rights (TDRs) as a way to preserve rural lands in the face of development pressure. One TDR program is examined in detail, that of Calvert County, Maryland, which has had an active TDR market since the mid-1980s. This program uses TDRs as a key policy tool for achieving a total amount of preserved acreage in the county, and for providing incentives for preservation in some areas and development in others. The paper examines both the early difficulties in developing participation in the program, and the events that lead eventually to an active TDR market. It assesses the workings of the market including factors that influence the demand and supply of TDRs, the movement of prices over time, and the location of preserved areas and of additional developed areas. The study found that the program is achieving many of the county's land preservation goals because of the high level of activity in the TDR market. However, most of the additional density is being channeled into rural areas with underlying low-density zoning.

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Where Does Cluster Zoning Fit in Farmland Protection?

Cited by 36 publications

References 4 publications

Land Preservation: An Essential Ingredient in Smart Growth

Land Preservation: An Essential Ingredient in Smart Growth

Zoning, TDRs and the density of development

Using markets for land preservation: Results of a TDR program

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