Where Do Chinese Readers Send Their Eyes?

Tsai, Jie-Li; McConkie, George W.

doi:10.1016/b978-044451020-4/50010-4

Cited by 64 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Although the random-saccade control model (Tsai & McConkie, 2003; Yang & McConkie, 1999) is consistent with evidence suggesting that there are no specific saccade targets during the reading of Chinese, the model is inconsistent with evidence that the relationship of the parafoveal words can influence fixation durations on these words (Yang, Wang, Xu, & Rayner, 2009; Yan, Kliegl, Shu, Pan, & Zhou, 2010), and evidence that saccades move the eyes further into words rendered in small (as compared to large) font (Shu, Zhou, Yan, & Kliegl, 2011). Moreover, the model is also inconsistent with evidence that the properties of a fixated word affect the length of the saccade exiting that word (e.g., saccades tend to be longer from high- than low-frequency words; Wei et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 89%

“…For example, several studies have failed to demonstrate that Chinese readers choose a specific fixation position within a word during reading, suggesting that saccade targets are randomly generated (Tsai & McConkie, 2003; Yang & McConkie, 1999). However, others have argued that saccade targeting is based on the ongoing word segmentation that occurs in parafoveal vision, and that Chinese readers move their eyes to the PVL if this segmentation is successful, but move their eyes to the word beginning if it is not (Yan, Kliegl, Richter, Nuthmann, & Shu, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These studies instead indicate the following facts about saccadic targeting during Chinese reading. First, two seminal studies of Chinese reading have showed that the PVL curves (which plot the frequency of initial fixations as a function of their within-word positions) tend to be flat, suggesting that Chinese readers do not direct their eyes towards specific target locations (Tsai & McConkie, 2003; Yang & McConkie, 1999). …”

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Parafoveal processing affects outgoing saccade length during the reading of Chinese.

Liu

Reichle

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Participants’ eye movements were measured while reading Chinese sentences in which target-word frequency and the availability of parafoveal processing were manipulated using a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. The results of this study indicate that preview availability and its interaction with word frequency modulated the length of the saccades exiting the target words, suggesting important functional roles for parafoveal processing in determining where the eyes move during reading. The theoretical significance of these findings is discussed in relation to two current models of eye-movement control during reading, both of which assume that saccades are directed towards default targets (e.g., the center of the next unidentified word). A possible method for addressing these limitations (i.e., dynamic attention allocation) is also discussed.

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confidence: 89%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Parafoveal processing affects outgoing saccade length during the reading of Chinese.

Liu

Reichle

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…The initial eye movement studies of Chinese reading dealing with a PVL effect did not find a PVL within a word. Yang and McConkie (1999) and Tsai and McConkie (2003) found that the initial fixations on a word were distributed equally on all of the characters, resulting in a flat PVL curve (PVL curves plot the frequency of the initial fixations across the letters of words). However, more recently, Yan, Kliegl, Richter, Nuthmann, and Shu (2010) reported some conflicting results relative to the initial studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we approached the problem in a different way from previous studies. Virtually all of the previous studies (Tsai & McConkie, 2003; Yan et al, 2010; Yang & McConkie, 1999) on this issue mainly followed the methods used in the studies with readers of English (Rayner, 1979), hoping to find the same kind of PVL curve as that in English reading. In these studies, the saccade landing locations on all of the words in single sentences or in passages were averaged when calculating the PVL curve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movement guidance in Chinese reading: Is there a preferred viewing location?

2011

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In this study, we examined eye movement guidance in Chinese reading. We embedded either a 2-character word or a 4-character word in the same sentence frame, and observed the eye movements of Chinese readers when they read these sentences. We found that when all saccades into the target words were considered that readers eyes tended to land near the beginning of the word. However, we also found that Chinese readers’ eyes landed at the center of words when they made only a single fixation on a word, and that they landed at the beginning of a word when they made more than one fixation on a word. However, simulations that we carried out suggest that these findings can’t be taken to unambiguously argue for word-based saccade targeting in Chinese reading. We discuss alternative accounts of eye guidance in Chinese reading and suggest that eye movement target planning for Chinese readers might involve a combination of character-based and word-based targeting contingent on word segmentation processes.

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Eye movement control in reading: Logographic Chinese versus alphabetic scripts

Tsang

Chen

2012

PsyCh Journal

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Eye tracking is widely used to study the reading process in different languages. Given the unique properties of written Chinese, it is important to identify the similarities and differences in eye-movement controls between readers of Chinese and alphabetic scripts. In this article, we review the data available for comparison in four domains: (a) the perceptual span, (b) parafoveal processing, (c) the basic encoding unit, and (d) computer modeling. Our review indicates that, while some aspects of eye movement control in reading appear to be universal (e.g., the availability of orthographic information in the parafoveal preview), others are more script-specific (e.g., the size of the perceptual span). It is concluded that the study of cross-language differences is important for the development of reading models that are generalizable across readers of different scripts.

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Where Do Chinese Readers Send Their Eyes?

Cited by 64 publications

References 18 publications

Parafoveal processing affects outgoing saccade length during the reading of Chinese.

Parafoveal processing affects outgoing saccade length during the reading of Chinese.

Eye movement guidance in Chinese reading: Is there a preferred viewing location?

Eye movement control in reading: Logographic Chinese versus alphabetic scripts

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