Where are All the Cyber Terrorists? From Waiting for Cyber Attack to Understanding Audiences

Terrorism and the Internet of Things: Cyber-Terrorism as an Emergent Threat

“…Looking at terrorist use of the internet, despite their highly sophisticated use of the internet for recruitment, radicalisation, and propaganda [5], even the so-called Islamic State (IS) at their peak did not manage to engage in cyber-terrorism proper, see following for what that means. As Julian Droogan and Lise Waldek point out, "in the realms of academia, policy and the media [have] provided many foreboding and even doomsday warnings about the future of cyber-terrorism, which in the main have failed to come to realization" [16]. So-called IS used cyberspace to motivate and guide a range of terrorist acts [5], and as counter-terrorism actors stepped up their actionsincluding actions in cyberspace-to disrupt larger high profile terrorist activities around the world [7], so-called IS evolved their strategies [29][30][31] to encourage low technology small group acts of terrorism, using whatever technologies they had at hand-as a spokesperson for so-called IS stated in 2014, "If you are not able to find an IED or a bullet, then single out the disbelieving American, Frenchman, or any of their allies.…”