Where and How Slum Electrification Succeeds: A Proposal for Replication

Dave, Rutu; Smyser, Connie; Koehrer, Fabian

doi:10.1596/31896

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This includes electrification of Havana Ext 1-3 in 2020/2021 through the "Windhoek Peri-Urban Electrification Project" [83][84][85]. Since service delivery has not kept pace with rapid growth of informal settlements, illegal electricity connections have been on the rise as the un-electrified residents try to connect from those legally supplied [86][87][88].…”

Section: Site Socio-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Electrification Schemes: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement in Namibia

et al. 2022

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This paper examines different off-grid renewable energy-based electrification schemes for an informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia. It presents a techno-economic comparison between the deployment of solar home systems to each residence and the supplying power from either a centralized roof-mounted or ground-mounted hybrid microgrid. The objective is to find a feasible energy system that satisfies technical and user constraints at a minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC). Sensitivity analyses are performed on the ground-mounted microgrid to evaluate the impact of varying diesel fuel price, load demand, and solar photovoltaic module cost on system costs. HOMER Pro software is used for system sizing and optimization. The results show that a hybrid system comprising a solar photovoltaic, a diesel generator, and batteries offers the lowest NPC and LCOE for both electrification schemes. The LCOE for the smallest residential load of 1.7 kWh/day and the largest microgrid load of 5.5 MWh/day is USD 0.443/kWh and USD 0.380/kWh, respectively. Respective NPCs are USD 4738 and USD 90.8 million. A sensitivity analysis reveals that variation in the fuel price and load demand changes linearly with system costs and capacities. However, reducing the PV module price in an energy system that includes wind and diesel power sources does not offer significant benefits. Furthermore, deploying an energy system that relies on fossil fuels to each residence in an informal settlement is not environmentally responsible. Unintended negative environmental impacts may result from the mass and simultaneous use of diesel generators. Therefore, a microgrid is recommended for its ability to control the dispatch of diesel generation, and its scalability, reliability of supply, and property security. A roof-mounted microgrid can be considered for piloting due to its lower initial investment. The electricity tariff also needs to be subsidized to make it affordable to end-users. Equally, government and community involvement should be prioritized to achieve long-term economic sustainability of the microgrid.

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Section: Site Socio-economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Electrification Schemes: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement in Namibia

et al. 2022

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“…When the distribution companies attempt to enforce revenue collection, residents and organized criminals often become hostile to their efforts, resulting in the utility company withdrawing totally from the area. Consequently, after years of receiving a service at no cost, a culture of non-payment becomes engrained where consumers come to believe that they have a right to free electricity [32].…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-Technical Electricity Losses

Carr

Thomson

2022

Energies

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Non-technical loss of electricity (comprising theft, fraud, non-payment and billing irregularities) is a significant issue, particularly in developing countries, and represents a large financial burden on utility companies, governments and society as a whole. This paper takes a wholistic and global view of the challenge and provides a broad perspective of the interrelated issues. Media reports and public perception of non-technical losses tend to focus on residential consumers, particularly those with limited financial resources, whereas review of more robust literature indicates that the largest proportion of non-technical losses is often due to industry, state-owned enterprises and relatively well-off residential consumers. Measures to reduce non-technical losses focusing on average residential consumers, such as pre-paid metering, therefore have limited effect on overall losses. Strengthening of legal and regulatory frameworks, particularly with regard to those larger users, and installing high security tamper-resistant metering systems for commercial consumers may have more effect. The reasons for non-technical losses, especially theft, are complex, but the customer–utility relationship is a key determinant. Improvement of this relationship through local participation in development of renewable energy schemes, such as rooftop solar photovoltaics, could bring benefit if challenges such as financing, design of the distribution system, utility company codes and standards and competence in post installation maintenance can be overcome.

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“…; Interview 4, 2017). As the table further highlights, this rationality aligns with the rationalities of politicians, governments and regulatory authorities in their desire to push "illegal" distributors out of the "market," as well as to increase the influence of the state and allow for better control or regulation by the state (Dave et al, 2019). It speaks to their goal of scaling up and consolidating centralised networks and their urge to establish and enforce Earn a livelihood by charging fees for illicit power distribution and metering manipulations and circumventions that allow slum residents to access electricity without having to pay for it.…”

Section: Conflicting Rationalities Of Electrificationmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The WB provided substantial funding for the enrolment of slum residents, plus support through the International Development Association (IDA) and the Global Partnership for Output Based Aid (GPOBA) within its performance-based investment funding for the utility and financial incentives for low-income customers (Dave et al, 2019). The total funding allocated by the WB between May 2009 and December 2017 was USD 28 million for the scheme, which was a subcomponent of the Kenya Electricity Expansion Project that cost a total of USD 406 million (Kenya Power, 2015b).…”

Section: Enrolment Of Slum Residents Through Subsidies and Lifeline T...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rethinking Smart Urbanism: City-Making and the Spread of Digital Infrastructures in Nairobi

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Where and How Slum Electrification Succeeds: A Proposal for Replication

Cited by 4 publications

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Techno-Economic Feasibility of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Electrification Schemes: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement in Namibia

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Off-Grid Renewable Energy Electrification Schemes: A Case Study of an Informal Settlement in Namibia

Non-Technical Electricity Losses

Rethinking Smart Urbanism: City-Making and the Spread of Digital Infrastructures in Nairobi

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