When twice is better than once: increased liking of repeated items influences memory in younger and older adults

Palumbo, Rocco; Domenico, Alberto Di; Fairfield, Beth; Mammarella, Nicola

doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00531-8

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Previous research in this area has shown that, contrary to expectations, people usually struggle when they have to remember the visual details of everyday objects despite their frequent contact with them (see Castel et al, 2015, for a review). This seems inconsistent with the traditional body of research showing both a great capacity for visual detail in long-term memory (e.g., Brady et al, 2008;Mandler & Ritchey, 1977) and improved memory for stimuli to which we are repeatedly exposed (e.g., Ebbinghaus, 1964;Palumbo et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Memory and metamemory in everyday settings: Assessing recall, recognition, and naming using car brand logos

Mayas,

Prieto,

Montoro

2023

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Previous research on incidental memory in everyday settings has shown that frequent exposure to stimuli does not guarantee accurate representation in memory. In two studies, we explored the memory and metamemory of car brand logos using recall (drawing) and recognition tasks (Study 1) or a naming task (Study 2). The results showed that memory accuracy for logos was modest in the recall and recognition tasks; nevertheless, the participants' accuracy in naming the visually displayed car logos was almost perfect. The participants showed overconfidence in their ability to recall and recognize car logos prior to their performance, which was adjusted after completing the recall task. Overconfidence was absent in the naming tasks. These results replicate the modest visual memory and metacognitive adjustments in recall and recognition tasks found in previous studies and contrast with participants' better memory performance and metacognitive adjustments in the naming task.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Memory and metamemory in everyday settings: Assessing recall, recognition, and naming using car brand logos

Mayas,

Prieto,

Montoro

2023

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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“…Considering the present and previous work together, further research is needed using different stimuli, exposure protocols, and rating procedures to assess whether older adults would exhibit a mere-exposure effect and, if so, how its magnitude compares to that seen in younger adults. For example, some studies include nonface unfamiliar stimuli (nonwords, Palumbo et al, 2021; Japanese ideograms, Wiggs, 1993), vary exposure cover task (identifying specific facial features, Winograd et al, 1999; passive viewing, Wiggs, 1993), or even ask participants to repeatedly rate faces during exposure (Palumbo et al, 2021). A specific combination of these procedures may be important for the mere-exposure effect in older adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the four studies previously conducted, two compared age-matched participants with or without an Alzheimer’s diagnosis (Willems et al, 2002; Winograd et al, 1999) and two compared normally aging older adults to young adults (Palumbo et al, 2021; Wiggs, 1993). Those studies had a range of sample sizes, from 10 (Willems et al, 2002) to 27 (Palumbo et al, 2021) participants, versus the nearly 100 in each of the experiments reported here. Our failure to find a mere-exposure effect with older adults, despite having larger samples, thereby represents the highest powered study within the small set of published findings on age and the mere-exposure effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, we note that we had higher statistical power than previous research considering age and the mere-exposure effect. Of the four studies previously conducted, two compared age-matched participants with or without an Alzheimer’s diagnosis (Willems et al, 2002; Winograd et al, 1999) and two compared normally aging older adults to young adults (Palumbo et al, 2021; Wiggs, 1993). Those studies had a range of sample sizes, from 10 (Willems et al, 2002) to 27 (Palumbo et al, 2021) participants, versus the nearly 100 in each of the experiments reported here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Absence of a mere-exposure effect in older and younger adults.

Chow¹,

Rhodes²,

Rule³

et al. 2022

Psychology and Aging

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The mere-exposure effect, in which repeated stimuli are liked more than novel stimuli, is a well-known effect. However, little research has studied adult age differences in mere-exposure effects, despite possible applications in helping older adults transition to new living environments. Here, we report four experiments assessing mere-exposure to neutral-face stimuli in groups of older and younger adult participants tested online. In each experiment, repeated face exposure did not increase liking within either age group; rather, Bayesian evidence favored the null hypothesis of no effect. Older adults reported higher overall liking ratings relative to younger adults, and both groups preferred younger faces, though this tendency was stronger in the younger group. Further exploratory analysis considering factors such as gender or race of the faces and participants did not reveal any consistent results for the mere-exposure effect. We discuss these findings in relation to other recent studies reporting mixed evidence for mere-exposure effects. Public Significance StatementWe sought to apply repetition-induced increase of liking (known as the "mere-exposure effect") to ease the transition of older adults into group living environments by exposing them to photos of staff and fellow residents' faces prior to moving to an extended-care facility. Surprisingly, we found no evidence across four experiments that repeating faces increased participants' liking of them, suggesting empirical and applied limitations to the mere-exposure effect. These findings set the stage to further explore how the mere-exposure effect may manifest in older adults in comparison to younger adults.

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“…The respondents were given the same questions for the pretest and the posttest, a form of repeated exposure. According to Palumbo et al, 48 repetition may carry a positive connotation and may affect memory. Thus, it can only be assumed that being exposed twice to the items in the questionnaire swayed the respondents' preferences and eventually influenced the results.…”

Section: Waitlist Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of E-Learning Materials on Caregivers’ Knowledge about the 3Ds of Geriatric Psychiatry

2023

Acta Med Philipp

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Background. E-learning has emerged as a crucial technique that educators embrace and apply. Two effective e-learning materials are video-based learning (VBL) and e-book-based remote learning (EBRL). While several studies have proven their effectiveness, none have compared these e-learning materials, especially regarding caregivers' knowledge of delirium, dementia, and depression (3Ds). Based on the extant literature, many caregivers are untrained and often lack the knowledge and skills to lessen the burden on delirious, demented, and depressed older adults. Hence, there is a growing need to explore how e-learning materials will address caregivers' lack of knowledge about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry.Objectives. This study ascertained the effects of e-learning materials on caregivers' knowledge about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry and determined significant differences within and between groups. Methods.A three-arm, quasi-experimental study, which included 63 informal caregivers in Baguio City who met the inclusion criteria and were chosen through purposive sampling, was conducted. Data were gathered using the Delirium-related knowledge tool, the Bangladesh version of the Depression Literacy Questionnaire, and the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool version 2. Data collection was done face-to-face and was conducted from March to April 2023. Data were treated with descriptive and inferential statistics using means, paired t-test, one-way omnibus ANOVA, and the post hoc Scheffé's test. Ethics approval was provided by the Saint Louis University Research Ethics Committee (SLU-REC-UG 2023-004).Results. All the pretest mean scores of respondents in the VBL, EBRL, and control groups increased in the posttest. Additionally, the paired t-test revealed that the VBL and EBRL materials significantly affected the caregivers' knowledge about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry, evidenced by a t-statistic of -5.80 (p=0.00001) and -4.48 (p= 0.00023), respectively. Lastly, one-way ANOVA revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in mean scores between at least two groups (F(2,60) = [7.060], p=0.002). Post hoc analysis using Scheffé's test for multiple comparisons found that the mean values significantly differed between the VBL and the waitlist control group (Scheffé=10.589), and between the EBRL and the waitlist control group (Scheffé=10.589). There was no statistically significant difference between the VBL and the EBRL groups (Scheffé=0).Conclusions. This study suggests that informal caregivers in Baguio City are moderately knowledgeable about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry. Moreover, both VBL and EBRL materials showed effectiveness in improving caregivers' knowledge about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry, highlighting the substantial equivalence of both materials. Lastly, caregivers' knowledge about the 3Ds of geriatric psychiatry increases as they engage in e-learning materials. Thus,

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When twice is better than once: increased liking of repeated items influences memory in younger and older adults

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

Memory and metamemory in everyday settings: Assessing recall, recognition, and naming using car brand logos

Memory and metamemory in everyday settings: Assessing recall, recognition, and naming using car brand logos

Absence of a mere-exposure effect in older and younger adults.

Effects of E-Learning Materials on Caregivers’ Knowledge about the 3Ds of Geriatric Psychiatry

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