When to Use Antibiotics in COVID-19: A Proposal Based on Questions

Dueñas-Castell, Carmelo; Polanco-Guerra, Camilo Jose; Martínez‐Ávila, María Cristina; Hurtado, Amilkar J Almanza; Yánez, Tomás Rodríguez; Gutierrez-Ariza, Juan Camilo; Rico-Fontalvo, Jorge

doi:10.7759/cureus.27398

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Some factors, on the other hand, are closely related to the disease: for example, a similar presentation to pneumonia may have shaped antibiotic consumption, given the mortality risk of bacterial pneumonia [ 75 , 76 , 77 ]. As the differential diagnosis of bacterial versus viral pneumonia in critically ill and hospitalized patients is challenging [ 78 ], clinical assessment and laboratory tests are essential to help discern the necessity of antibiotics and withhold unnecessary prescriptions [ 79 ]. In the early pandemic, the bacterial co-infection risk in COVID-19 patients was deeply overestimated, therefore antibiotic therapy became the gold standard in critically ill patients to prevent possible superinfections, derived from the experience of post-influenza bacterial pneumonia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hidden Cost of COVID-19: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections

Micheli,

Sangiorgi,

Catania

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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Antibiotic resistance is one of the greatest growing public health threats and a worldwide priority. According to the WHO, drug-resistant diseases may cause 10 million deaths a year by 2050 and have a substantial impact on the global economy, driving up to 24 million people into poverty. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the fallacies and vulnerability of healthcare systems worldwide, displacing resources from existing programs and reducing funding for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) fighting efforts. Moreover, as already seen for other respiratory viruses, such as flu, COVID-19 is often associated with superinfections, prolonged hospital stays, and increased ICU admissions, further aggravating healthcare disruption. These events are accompanied by widespread antibiotic use, misuse, and inappropriate compliance with standard procedures with a potential long-term impact on AMR. Still, COVID-19-related measures such as increasing personal and environmental hygiene, social distancing, and decreasing hospital admissions could theoretically help the AMR cause. However, several reports have shown increased antimicrobial resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This narrative review focuses on this “twindemic”, assessing the current knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 era with a focus on bloodstream infections and provides insights into the lessons learned in the COVID-19 field that could be applied to antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hidden Cost of COVID-19: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections

Micheli,

Sangiorgi,

Catania

et al. 2023

Microorganisms

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“…After this synthetic route have been raised, there are several attempt to increase the yield of this reaction. Harris's work [28] introduced Wittig reaction into the synthesis route, doubled the yield into 16%. More route for the fully synthesis of carbapenems were developed since 2005 and put into use against bacteria, but there is still a way to go before this method can be use into industrial production.…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics synthesis: history and modern applications

Tong,

Zhang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Third International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science (ICBioMed2023)

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Antibiotics have played a vital role in modern medicine by saving millions of lives. This review overviews the history of the development of antibiotics and highlights the potential of chemical synthesis technology to create novel and effective antibiotics to tackle the challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Ongoing research aims to develop new approaches to exploit the capabilities of chemical synthesis technology to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance.

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“…It can be speculated that, had antibiotics been available, they would have saved many lives, thus consistently reducing the mortality rates. Although the lung damaging in COVID-19 is mainly dependent on virus-induced local hyper-inflammation and not on bacterial super-infection, which is quoted to be around 7% [ 64 ], the availability of antibiotics represents a further therapeutic resource in such a minority of complicated COVID-19 cases, and another important difference between the two pandemics.…”

Section: Diagnostic Tools Antibiotics Antivirals Monoclonal Antibodie...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with “Spanish Flu”?

Lista

Peragallo²,

Biselli

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as “Spanish flu”, even though Spain was not its place of origin. “Spanish flu” was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for “Spanish flu”. Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.

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When to Use Antibiotics in COVID-19: A Proposal Based on Questions

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

The Hidden Cost of COVID-19: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections

The Hidden Cost of COVID-19: Focus on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections

Antibiotics synthesis: history and modern applications

Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with “Spanish Flu”?

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