When the rubber meets the road: effects of urban and regional residence on principle and implementation measures of racial tolerance

Carter, J.Scott; Steelman, Lala Carr; Mulkey, Lynn M.; Borch, Casey

doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.04.004

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These findings stand in contrast to those of Tuch (1987) and Carter et al (2005), who found urban residents to be less prejudiced than residents of rural areas. Why might these differences have occurred?…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…A second difference between the participants in the present study and Tuch's (1987) and Carter et al's (2005) studies is age. The participants in the latter studies were typically older than the participants in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…One possible reason lies in the characteristics of the populations from which the samples were drawn. Carter et al (2005) used data from the archives of the National Opinion Research Center and Tuch (1987) used data from the General Social Survey. Adult respondents predominate in both survey data sets, whereas the current research used a college student sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although both Tuch (1987) and Carter et al (2005) believed that their findings could be explained by the urban environment's providing more opportunities for intergroup contact than the rural environment, the survey data they used in their studies did not permit a direct test of the contact hypothesis. The goal of the current study is to directly test that hypothesis.…”

Section: Racial Attitudes Of College Students From Urban and Rural Bamentioning

confidence: 95%

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Racial Attitudes of College Students from Urban and Rural Backgrounds

Childs¹

2010

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Based on the contact hypothesis, I hypothesized that college students from rural backgrounds, who are less likely to have had contact with members of minority groups, will be more likely to hold stereotypic beliefs about and may hold more negative attitudes toward those groups than students from urban areas, who have had more opportunities for intergroup contact. Students from Ball State University completed a questionnaire assessing depth of contact with AfricanAmericans, negative and positive stereotypes of African-Americans, affective prejudice toward African-Americans, symbolic racism, and perceived threat and perceived competitiveness toward African-Americans. Contrary to the hypothesis, there were no differences between students from urban and rural backgrounds on the indicators of prejudice. However, students from rural backgrounds did report having less contact with African-Americans and intergroup contact was negatively related to prejudice. These results suggest that personal experiences maybe better indicators of prejudice than demographic background.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Racial Attitudes Of College Students From Urban and Rural Bamentioning

confidence: 95%

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Racial Attitudes of College Students from Urban and Rural Backgrounds

Childs¹

2010

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“…Of immediate concern to the current paper, past research has looked at the impact of urban on racial attitudes in particular [4,10,14]. Tuch [10], for example, found more liberal attitudes toward interracial marriage and voting for an African American for US president among urban residents than among rural residents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Beliefs about the Causes of Racial Inequality: The Persisting Impact of Urban and Suburban Locations?

Carter

Corra

2012

Urban Studies Research

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the classical theoretical propositions of Wirth and Stouffer regarding the independent impact of urban and suburban residency on beliefs about racial inequality. This paper further assesses the impacts of these social locations over a three-decade period. While scholars pose that city size positively impacts behavior, there is debate regarding the impact of these locations over time. Using the General Social Survey, findings demonstrate that while urbanism continues to have an independent impact on beliefs, the impact of suburban residency is much weaker and inconsistent. Analyses of over time trends reveal that the gap between urban and rural residents appears to have increased, with rural residents expressing more intolerant beliefs about the causes of racial inequality over time. These findings are further discussed in a broader theoretical context.

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Congregations of a Feather? Exploring Homophily in a Network of Religious Congregations

McClure

2021

Review of Religious Research

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Background Homophily, the tendency for relationships to be more common among actors who share similarities, has been observed in social network studies of individuals and organizations. Homophily can encourage close, supportive relationships but limit exposure to diversity. Homophily may have important implications for religious congregations, but research has been limited due to few social network data collections on congregations. Purpose This research note uses a new data collection from an inter-congregational network of religious congregations in eight counties encompassing and surrounding a major metropolitan area in the southeastern United States. Its goal is to identify sources of homophily between congregations as well as types of congregations whose immediate networks, which include the congregations to which a congregation has direct relational ties, differ in levels of homophily. Methods Quadratic assignment procedure correlations are used to identify sources of homophily, and both fractional logistic and negative binomial regression models are used to examine the extent to which congregational characteristics predict levels of homophily. Results Three key sources of homophily include sharing the same religious tradition and family, sharing the same racial composition, and having a smaller geographical distance between congregations. Congregations’ religious family, racial composition, community setting, and the extent to which attenders are younger and newer matter for predicting levels of homophily. The results have implications for: LDS and Church of Christ congregations; multiracial congregations; declining denominationalism; rural congregations. Conclusions and Implications Congregations of a feather do, in fact, flock together. The results inform a variety of practical implications for congregations. Because of the time constraints experienced by many ministers, denominational events might provide some of the most accessible opportunities to build relationships with other congregations. Multiracial congregations often serve as bridges connecting congregations of different racial compositions. Distinctive and centralized religious groups, like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, may also effectively encourage relationships across congregations of different racial compositions. Homophily may also impact the extent to which congregations learn about innovations from other congregations and the extent to which collaborations with other congregations are effective.

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When the rubber meets the road: effects of urban and regional residence on principle and implementation measures of racial tolerance

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Racial Attitudes of College Students from Urban and Rural Backgrounds

Racial Attitudes of College Students from Urban and Rural Backgrounds

Beliefs about the Causes of Racial Inequality: The Persisting Impact of Urban and Suburban Locations?

Congregations of a Feather? Exploring Homophily in a Network of Religious Congregations

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