When stereotypes backfire: Trying to suppress stereotypes produces false recollections of a crime

Abstract

Purpose. This study examined whether participants' memories of a racially neutral crime story are influenced by stereotypes and the instruction to suppress stereotypes while reading the crime story. We expected that participants who saw a photograph of a foreign group (negative stereotype prime) and were given the instruction to suppress stereotypes before reading a crime story would make significantly more stereotype‐consistent errors on a recognition test than participants who received a neutral prime and a suppression instruction. Methods. Participants were 88 undergraduate students (59 women) who were randomly allocated to the cells of a 2 (negative stereotype versus neutral prime)×2 (thought suppression versus control) between‐subjects design. The dependent variables were recognition of accurate items, stereotype‐consistent items and confabulation items. Results. The critical stereotype × suppression interaction was statistically significant for false recognition of non‐presented stereotype‐consistent items. Simple effect analyses of the suppression condition showed that participants who were primed with a negative stereotype made more stereotype‐consistent recognition errors than those who had been exposed to a neutral prime. Conclusions. Stereotypes not only make cognitive processing easier, but might also contribute to recognition errors when people do what they often are told to do in the legal arena: suppress stereotypical thinking.

Extracting the truth from conflicting eyewitness reports: A formal modeling approach.

“…The issue of stereotypes has been investigated intensely in the context of witness memory research (cf. Allport & Postman, 1947; Peters, Jelicic, & Merckelbach, 2006; Shechory, Nachson, & Glicksohn, 2010; Stalans, 1993; Tuckey & Brewer, 2003). For high presentation pace, as in our experiment, stereotype-consistent information may be more readily stored and retrieved (Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg, 1995).…”

Not universally sinful: Cultural aspects of memory sins.

“…Stereotypes affect not only reasoning and decision-making but also what we remember. People are more likely to falsely remember information if it is consistent with stereotypes about stigmatized groups such as immigrants (Araya et al, 2003), skinheads (Peters et al, 2006), or women (Lenton et al, 2001). Further, stereotypes can affect eyewitnesses’ memory of who did what during a witnessed event (e.g., Kleider et al, 2008; Leichtman & Ceci, 1995) and potential jurors’ memory of incriminating information about the defendant (Giner-Sorolla et al, 2002; Van Knippenberg et al, 1999).…”

Riddle Me This: Using Riddles That Violate Gender Stereotypes To Demonstrate The Pervasiveness Of Stereotypes

“…Individuals rely on stereotypes to save cognitive effort (Macrae, Milne, & Bodenhausen, 1994). Once a stereotype is activated, information that is congruent with the stereotype (or expectation) tends to be stimulated (Lepore & Brown, 1999; Wyer, 1998), and can influence cognitions and behaviors such as impression formation, memory, and decision-making (Bodenhausen, 1988; Cantor & Mischel, 1977; Ellis & Nelson, 1999; Peters, Jelicic, & Merckelbach, 2006; Posner & Keele, 1970). Gender stereotypes also influence how information is processed (Bem, 1981; Eagly & Mladinic, 1989; Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000; Workman & Freeburg, 1997).…”