“…Nontenure-track appointments may provide colleges and universities with greater flexibility to respond to enrollment changes and shifts in enrollment across academic disciplines and may enable them to offer specialized courses without the commitment of resources that a tenure-track appointment entails. Nonetheless, Kasper et al (1986), Franklin et al (1988), and others have argued that the increasing use of part-time -and nontenure-track faculty undermines academic standards and diminishes the quality of undergraduate education. Gappa and Leslie (1993) concluded, based on their examination of the use of part-time faculty at 18 colleges and universities, that using part-time faculty does not necessarily improve efficiency or cost effectiveness.…”