When Randomized Clinical Trials and Real‐World Evidence Say the Same: Tocilizumab and Its Cardiovascular Safety

The Risk of Postkidney Transplant Outcomes by Induction Choice Differs by Recipient Age

“…Through our real-world evidence study, we were able to include broader population (ie, older KT recipients) and expand our knowledge by asking clinically useful questions. 41 However, our study has some limitations. In all observational studies, unmeasured confounding may bias the results; this means that there may be some factors not collected by SRTR, which are associated with the choice of induction and the post-KT outcomes and explain our observed associations.…”

Real World Data Comparison of Standard Care vs SDM Laser Vision Protection Therapy for Prevention of Neovascular AMD

“…After application of inclusion and exclusion filters, eyes from the VPT and SCA cohorts were matched using propensity score methods based on patient characteristics. 25–29 Propensity scores provide samples that are, in aggregate, balanced on all covariates included in the model. In a randomized clinical trial (RCT), presenting patients matching the study inclusion criterion are randomly distributed between study groups.…”

“…Whereas clinical trials match and randomize subjects prospectively, propensity scoring matches subjects retrospectively from an existing population. 25–29 Major neovascular conversion risk factors including age, sex, AREDS vitamin use, diagnosis of systemic hypertension, and smoking were included in the propensity score modeling. As a patient encounter is a prerequisite for diagnosis and documentation of neovascular conversion, encounter frequency was also matched to balance the level of surveillance intensity and diagnostic opportunity between the groups.…”

“…Using the resulting propensity scores, all VPT cohort eyes were nearest-neighbor matched with SCA cohort eyes in a 1/10 ratio (VPT/SCA) to create the analysis data set. 25–29 For the SCA group, the date of study entry was the date of first diagnosis of dry AMD, and for the VPT group, the date of initial treatment. The R “Matchit” package was used to carry out the propensity score matching.…”

“…Although these methods are not a replacement for a well-conducted clinical trial, they nonetheless provide useful information that may encourage further study. 25–28 …”