When Pigs Fly: Pandemic influenza enters the 21st century

Trovão, Nídia Sequeira; Nelson, Martha I.

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008259

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Bush meat is also linked to the reemergence of Ebola virus in 2015-2016. Since the 1918-1919 Spanish flu, other less severe influenza pandemics have occurred in 1957 (H2N2 Asian Flu), 1968 (N3H2 Hong Kong Flu), and 2009-2010 (H1N1 Swine Flu) (11). Besides, several epidemics caused by novel avian influenza viruses, including the Asian H7N9 virus, and the Asian H5N1 virus, which normally do not infect humans, have occurred after exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments.…”

Section: Figure 1 |mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines and Antivirals: Grand Challenges and Great Opportunities

Andreï

2021

Front.Virol.

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Section: Figure 1 |mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines and Antivirals: Grand Challenges and Great Opportunities

Andreï

2021

Front.Virol.

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“…[23][24][25][26] Our last pandemic virus, the 2009 H1N1 swine flu, arose not from some backwater wet market in Asia, but largely from industrial pig operations in the United States. 27,28 Thankfully, it resulted in "only" about a half million deaths. 29 Next time, we might not be so lucky.…”

Section: Primary Pandemic Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary Pandemic Prevention

Greger¹

2021

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

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Over the last few decades, hundreds of human pathogens have emerged at a rate unprecedented in human history. Emerged from where? Mostly from animals. The AIDS virus is blamed on the butchering of primates in the African bushmeat trade, we created mad cow disease when we turned cows into carnivores and cannibals, and SARS and COVID-19 have been traced back to the exotic wild animal trade. Our last pandemic, swine flu in 2009, arose not from some backwater wet market in Asia, however. It was largely made-in-the-USA on pig production operations in the United States. In this new Age of Emerging Diseases, there are now billions of animals overcrowded and intensively confined in filthy factory farms for viruses to incubate and mutate within. Today’s industrial farming practices have given viruses billions more spins at pandemic roulette. How can we stop the emergence of pandemic viruses in the first place? Whenever possible, treat the cause. The largest and oldest association of public health professionals in the world, the American Public Health Association, has called for a moratorium on factory farming for nearly two decades. Indeed, factory farms are a public health menace. In addition to discontinuing the intensive confinement practices of animal agriculture, we should continue to research, develop, and invest in innovative plant-based and cultivated meat technologies to move away from raising billions of feathered and curly-tailed test tubes for viruses with pandemic potential to mutate within.

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“…Still, with high biosecurity measures, the risk of contact between pigs and (wild) birds is probably either absent or low in intensive pig production and risks occur most from pig/human contact. Pigs have experienced influenza outbreaks from human origin, but so far only one case of influenza transmitted from swine to humans has been reported to cause an influenza pandemic in humans ( Trovão and Nelson, 2020 ).…”

Section: Biosecurity In Intensive Pig Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%