When Local Trade-Offs between SDGs Turn Out to Be Wealth-Dependent: Interaction between Expanding Rice Cultivation and Eradicating Malaria in Rwanda

Abstract

Interactions between SDGs are increasingly mapped and mediating factors that determine whether existing synergies or trade-offs can be identified. However, if and how the wealth status of the concerned population shapes whether SDG interaction constitutes a vicious or virtuous circle is largely overlooked. This article focuses on interaction between SDG2 (nutrition) and SDG3 (health), in particular, the relationship between rice production intensification and the fight against malaria, and thus the role of wealth in explaining the trade-off. This study employed a large-scale survey of rural households (n = 3968) in eastern Rwanda, conducted at a time when a rapid expansion of rice fields co-existed with a strong resurgence of malaria. Logistic regression shows that rice-cultivating households faced significant higher malaria risk, as proxied by fever incidence, confirming the negative externality of agricultural intensification on public health through offering a habitat for vector-borne diseases. Even though rice-cultivating households tend to be higher up the local wealth distribution than those outside the rice sector, its distributional effects are generally biased against the poor. Poorer households outside the rice sector hardly share in the benefits from increased rice production but suffer the consequences in terms of increased malaria risk. The case thus draws attention to the importance of using a distributional lens when analyzing interaction between SDGs locally.

Local resource mobilization for malaria vector control among Rwandan rice farmers: a pilot study into the role of community ownership

“…in the form of more mosquito-proof housing. Such a negative externality from rice cultivation on public health is also witnessed to operate in our study area in Eastern Rwanda [ 11 ]. This problem is likely to persist in the coming years, as the government’s National Rice Development Strategy 2021–2030 (NRDS-II) envisages doubling the area available for rice cultivation through conversion and rehabilitation of marshlands.…”

Effects of agricultural pesticides on the susceptibility and fitness of malaria vectors in rural south-eastern Tanzania

“…The broad linkages between agricultural practices and transmission of insect-borne diseases are widely appreciated in Africa and elsewhere [12][13][14][15][16][17]. On one hand, crop farming and livestock keeping are an important basis of livelihoods for millions of people in malaria-endemic communities [18,19]. On the other, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases can disrupt the same livelihoods by lowering productivity and draining household incomes [13,20].…”

Investigating effects of agricultural pesticides on susceptibility and fitness parameters of Malaria vectors in rural south eastern, Tanzania

“…The broad linkages between agricultural practices and transmission of insect-borne diseases are widely appreciated in Africa and elsewhere (Hawkes & Ruel, 2006;Ijumba et al, 2002;Janko et al, 2018;Matowo et al, 2020;Mutero et al, 2006;Philbert et al, 2019). On one hand, crop farming and livestock-keeping also form an important basis of livelihoods for millions of people in malaria-endemic communities (Paul et al, 2018;Rulisa & Kempen, 2022). On the other hand, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases can disrupt the same livelihoods by lowering productivity and draining household incomes (Hawkes & Ruel, 2006;Liptonet al,1988).…”