“…The presence of mica and potassium feldspars in Pakistani soils might be the reason behind high availability of potassium in these soils (Ahmad et al 2012). Similarly, other researchers have also documented deficiency in nitrogen (Fazal et al 2022). Lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium were above the permissible limits in the case of NCS, while lower in ACS as per WHO (1996) recommendations.…”
The waste of cool mining activities causes accumulation of hazardous elements in soil for plants. Biochar is considered an important soil remediation strategy to stabilize the heavy metals. The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of biochar sources and rate on the heavy metal stabilization in coal contaminated soil. Biochar of three feedstocks (maize straw-MBC, rice straw-RBC and sugarcane bagasse-SBC) with four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2% i.e. 0, 10, 20, 40 tons ha-1) were applied to two types of soils (naturally (NCS) vs. artificially (ACS) spiked with Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb). Plastic pots were incubated at 30% field capacity for 90 days at 25 °C, and soil pH, EC and heavy metals concentration were measured after 1-, 4-, 8- and 12-weeks. Among the biochars, RBC showed maximum immobilization of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr as compared to MBC and SBC. Similarly, biochar application increased heavy immobilization being maximum at 2% (40 tons ha-1) rate than control. The pH of both soils with biochar addition increased as compared to control. The remediation effect of biochar on heavy metal stabilization was positive over time. The higher rate (40 tons ha-1) of RBC for artificially and MBC for naturally contaminated soil could be used effectively for heavy metal stabilization.
“…The presence of mica and potassium feldspars in Pakistani soils might be the reason behind high availability of potassium in these soils (Ahmad et al 2012). Similarly, other researchers have also documented deficiency in nitrogen (Fazal et al 2022). Lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium were above the permissible limits in the case of NCS, while lower in ACS as per WHO (1996) recommendations.…”
The waste of cool mining activities causes accumulation of hazardous elements in soil for plants. Biochar is considered an important soil remediation strategy to stabilize the heavy metals. The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of biochar sources and rate on the heavy metal stabilization in coal contaminated soil. Biochar of three feedstocks (maize straw-MBC, rice straw-RBC and sugarcane bagasse-SBC) with four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2% i.e. 0, 10, 20, 40 tons ha-1) were applied to two types of soils (naturally (NCS) vs. artificially (ACS) spiked with Cd, Cu, Cr and Pb). Plastic pots were incubated at 30% field capacity for 90 days at 25 °C, and soil pH, EC and heavy metals concentration were measured after 1-, 4-, 8- and 12-weeks. Among the biochars, RBC showed maximum immobilization of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr as compared to MBC and SBC. Similarly, biochar application increased heavy immobilization being maximum at 2% (40 tons ha-1) rate than control. The pH of both soils with biochar addition increased as compared to control. The remediation effect of biochar on heavy metal stabilization was positive over time. The higher rate (40 tons ha-1) of RBC for artificially and MBC for naturally contaminated soil could be used effectively for heavy metal stabilization.
“…The reduced N losses combined with balanced N management could improve productivity with a lesser degree of environmental pollution (Dhawan et al, 2021). Minimum loss of N was previously reported in some studies in which organic manures were used with NPK fertilizers (Dhawan et al, 2021;Fazal et al, 2022). There are complexities in measuring a range of inputs and outputs and, depending on the climate and soil features, environments can undergo long-term change in just a few years (Watson and Atkinson, 1999).…”
Section: Partial Nitrogen Balance Is Influenced By Changes In Nitroge...mentioning
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“…The reduced N losses combined with balanced N management could improve productivity with a lesser degree of environmental pollution (Dhawan et al, 2021). Minimum loss of N was previously reported in some studies in which organic manures were used with NPK fertilizers (Dhawan et al, 2021;Fazal et al, 2022). There are complexities in measuring a range of inputs and outputs and, depending on the climate and soil features, environments can undergo long-term change in just a few years (Watson and Atkinson, 1999).…”
Section: Partial Nitrogen Balance Is Influenced By Changes In Nitroge...mentioning
The present experiment was conducted to assess the impact of fixed and variable doses (using a normalized difference vegetation index-sensor) of nitrogen (N) on wheat yields, nutrient uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil nitrogen balance through the optimization of nitrogen dose. There were 10 treatments based on fixed and variable doses with different splits, and each treatment was replicated three times under a randomized complete block design. The treatments comprised fixed doses of 120 and 150 kg N ha–1 with different splits; variable doses based on sensor readings after application of 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha–1; 225 kg N ha–1 as a nitrogen-rich control; and no application of nitrogen as the absolute control. It was revealed that the application of a basal dose of 60 kg N ha–1 and another 60 kg N ha–1 at the crown root initiation stage followed by a sensor-guided N application significantly improved wheat grain yields and grain nitrogen uptake. However, straw nitrogen uptake was highest in N-rich plots where 225 kg N ha–1was applied. It was found that any curtailment in these doses at basal and crown root initiation stages followed by nitrogen application using a normalized difference vegetation index sensor later could not bring about higher crop yields. On average, wheat crops responded to 152–155 kg N ha–1 in both years of the study. Partial factor productivity along with agronomic and economic nitrogen use efficiency showed a declining trend with an increased rate of N application. Apparent N recovery values were comparable between normalized difference vegetation index sensor-based N application treatments and treatments receiving lesser N doses. Soil N status decreased in all the treatments except the nitrogen-rich strip, where there was a marginal increase in soil N status after the wheat crop harvest in the rotation. Partial nitrogen balance was negative for all the treatments except the control. From these 2-year field trials, it can be concluded that applying a normalized difference vegetation index sensor could be an essential tool for the rational management of fertilizer nitrogen in wheat grown in eastern sub-Himalayan plains.
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