Wheat-infectingFusarium species in Poland — their chemotypes and frequencies revealed by PCR assay

Abstract

Three Fusarium species: F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. cerealis were identified in laboratory cultures and in sporodochia from spikelets of scabby wheat. SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) primers were used to identify Fusarium species and nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes within species in laboratory cultures and field collected heads harvested in 2006. Results from PCR analyses confirmed preliminary identifications of species on the basis of examination of macroconidia under a light microscope and identification of cultures on agar media. NIV and DON (3Ac-DON and 15Ac-DON) chemotypes were identified using PCR assay. Among samples and isolates of F. graminearum, the 15Ac-DON chemotype dominated, and among those where F. culmorum was identified, the 3Ac-DON chemotype prevailed. Only 5 of the 41 isolates of F. graminearum tested, displayed the NIV chemotype. An increase in the frequency of F. graminearum and a decrease in the frequency of F. culmorum were found during 1998 to 2006.

Genetic and phenotypic diversity within the Fusarium graminearum species complex in Norway

“…The 3- isolates belonging to population 2 were included in the analysis of aggressiveness, ten of these were included in the growth rate analysis c 17 3-ADON isolates were included in the analysis of aggressiveness, 16 of these were included in the growth rate analysis ADON chemotype also predominated among a small set of FGSC isolates from an earlier collection of Norwegian cereals (Langseth et al 1999(Langseth et al , 2001, and was found in oat and wheat samples collected between 2009 and 2011 in Sweden, whereas the 15-ADON chemotype was not observed (Fredlund et al 2013;Lindblad et al 2013 (Nielsen et al 2012). Our data add to a growing set of studies indicating a geographical partitioning of trichothecene types (chemotypes or genotypes) throughout Europe, with 3-ADON dominating in Northern Europe, whereas 15-ADON appears predominant in the Western and Southern Europe including the UK (Jennings et al 2004), Belgium (Audenaert et al 2009), Italy (Prodi et al 2009;Somma et al 2014), Luxembourg (Pasquali et al 2010), Poland (Stępień et al 2008), Hungary (Toth et al 2005), Germany (Talas et al 2011), and France (Boutigny et al 2014). …”

“…In addition, long distance dispersal of viable F. graminearum spores is possible (MaldonadoRamirez et al 2005;Schmale et al 2012). We speculate whether the increased prevalence of FGSC observed in several European countries (Chandelier et al 2011;Jennings et al 2004;Stępień et al 2008;Waalwijk et al 2003) including the Nordic countries (Bernhoft et al 2010;Fredlund et al 2008;Nielsen et al 2011;YliMattila 2010) may have facilitated the introduction of the 15-DON genotypes into new areas like Norway and Denmark. As such, the prevalence of 15-ADON genotypes and associated mycotoxin levels in Norwegian cereals should be monitored.…”

“…In addition, isolates with NIV genotypes were absent from our sample, but account for at least 10 % of the FGSC isolates in some other parts of Europe (Jennings et al 2004;Waalwijk et al 2003;Boutigny et al 2014;Stępień et al 2008;Somma et al 2014). The distribution of trichothecene types is likely influenced directly or indirectly by a variety of factors including climate, regional host composition, agricultural practices, and the recent and historical movement of pathogen populations into new areas.…”

“…infection levels in cereal seeds, as well as the increased levels of trichothecene contamination in cereal grains, observed in Norway in recent years (Bernhoft et al 2013). During the same period, members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) have become more prevalent in several European countries (Chandelier et al 2011;Jennings et al 2004;Stępień et al 2008;Waalwijk et al 2003) including the Nordic countries (Bernhoft et al 2010;Fredlund et al 2008;Nielsen et al 2011;Yli-Mattila 2010), partly replacing other Fusarium species.…”

Mycotoxin production, chemotypes and diversity of Czech Fusarium graminearum isolates on wheat

“…The present samples included no NIV producing isolates. Talas et al (2011) also detected only 1.2% NIV producing isolates in neighbouring Germany, although low to medium frequencies of this chemotype have been recorded in Europe (Stepien et al 2008;Audenaert et al 2009;Prodi et al 2009). The analysis of a larger collection of Czech F. graminearum isolates would probably reveal a frequency of NIV producers that comparable to detected in Germany.…”