What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review

Abstract

Further study is needed to determine whether effectively blocking dysmenorrheic pain ameliorates risk for the development of chronic pain disorders and to explore whether it is possible to prevent the development-and not just treat-severe dysmenorrheic pain in adolescent girls. In conclusion, we demonstrate the extensive multi-factorial impact of dysmenorrhea and we encourage and direct researchers to necessary future studies.

Epidemiology of Dysmenorrhea among University Students in Egypt

“…In agreement with our result, it was found that dysmenorrheic women had more disturbed sleep and subjective sleepiness than controls. Their sleep efficiency was reduced when experiencing menstrual pain, with increased wakefulness, movement [30].…”

Altered Brain Complexity in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Resting-State Magneto-Encephalography Study Using Multiscale Entropy Analysis

“…Other chronic pain disorders that involved tissue damage or systemic symptoms, such as chronic low back pain (CLBP) and fibromyalgia, might suffer from constant peripheral nociceptive feedbacks [122] and are thus more likely to show systemic and rhythmic changes in central nervous system that can be captured by linear analyses, such as spectral analysis. Second, although PDMs do suffer from significant negative cognitive and emotional consequences when compared to healthy females including depression, anxiety [7,11], they are considered as otherwise-healthy females who do not suffer from cognitive impairments or mental dysfunctions. This is reasonable to consider that local linear synchrony neural activities in PDMs are similar to those in CONs when spontaneous pain (menstrual pain) does not exist.…”

“…It is a worldwide public health problem associated with mildly increased mortality [4]. Primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), highly prevalent yet undertreated and affecting 40-90% of the reproductive-age females [5][6][7], is a pelvic pain during menstruation without identifiable structural lesion or anomaly in the internal female genital organs [8]. PDM is a good clinical model for studying chronic pain because of its natural "on" (painful) and "off" (pain-free) states.…”

Role of Contraception in Improving Women´s Quality of Life Associated With PMS and Other Menstrual Disorders

“…Результаты проведен-ного нами скринига показали аналогичную частоту встре-чаемости данного синдрома в исследуемой популя-ции -20%, при этом более тяжелые его формы, приводя-щие к существенному снижению КЖ, встретились с часто-той 7,5%. Кроме того, влияющие на КЖ обильные менстру-альные кровотечения составляют 10,9% [25], дисмено-рея -45% [26], нерегулярный менструальный цикл -10-30% [27]. Эти данные также совпадают с полученными нами результатами.…”