What to copy: the key factor of observational learning in striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) juveniles

Takahashi, Kohji; Masuda, Reiji; Yamashita, Yoh

doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0686-z

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(26 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Even if these chimpanzees were never recorded as being within 1 m of the first female when she exchanged a token at the FAR location before they themselves did, simply seeing her carrying tokens to the FAR location, in combination with their personally-acquired knowledge that tokens could be exchanged with researchers to obtain foods, might have been sufficient for them to learn this new option. This ‘low-level’ social learning mechanism (i.e., local enhancement) has also been shown to influence the learning and decision-making of a number of species when foraging (e.g., Mikolasch, Kotrschal & Schloegl, 2012 ; Takahashi, Masuda & Yamashita, 2013 ; Avarguès-Weber & Chittka, 2014 ; Webster & Laland, 2013 ) and thus is a parsimonious explanation for the chimpanzees’ learning here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Captive chimpanzee foraging in a social setting: a test of problem solving, flexibility, and spatial discounting

Hopper

Kurtycz

Ross

et al. 2015

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the wild, primates are selective over the routes that they take when foraging and seek out preferred or ephemeral food. Given this, we tested how a group of captive chimpanzees weighed the relative benefits and costs of foraging for food in their environment when a less-preferred food could be obtained with less effort than a more-preferred food. In this study, a social group of six zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) could collect PVC tokens and exchange them with researchers for food rewards at one of two locations. Food preference tests had revealed that, for these chimpanzees, grapes were a highly-preferred food while carrot pieces were a less-preferred food. The chimpanzees were tested in three phases, each comprised of 30 thirty-minute sessions. In phases 1 and 3, if the chimpanzees exchanged a token at the location they collected them they received a carrot piece (no travel) or they could travel ≥10 m to exchange tokens for grapes at a second location. In phase 2, the chimpanzees had to travel for both rewards (≥10 m for carrot pieces, ≥15 m for grapes). The chimpanzees learned how to exchange tokens for food rewards, but there was individual variation in the time it took for them to make their first exchange and to discover the different exchange locations. Once all the chimpanzees were proficient at exchanging tokens, they exchanged more tokens for grapes (phase 3). However, when travel was required for both rewards (phase 2), the chimpanzees were less likely to work for either reward. Aside from the alpha male, all chimpanzees exchanged tokens for both reward types, demonstrating their ability to explore the available options. Contrary to our predictions, low-ranked individuals made more exchanges than high-ranked individuals, most likely because, in this protocol, chimpanzees could not monopolize the tokens or access to exchange locations. Although the chimpanzees showed a preference for exchanging tokens for their more-preferred food, they appeared to develop strategies to reduce the cost associated with obtaining the grapes, including scrounging rewards and tokens from group mates and carrying more than one token when travelling to the farther exchange location. By testing the chimpanzees in their social group we were able to tease apart the social and individual influences on their decision making and the interplay with the physical demands of the task, which revealed that the chimpanzees were willing to travel farther for better.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Captive chimpanzee foraging in a social setting: a test of problem solving, flexibility, and spatial discounting

Hopper

Kurtycz

Ross

et al. 2015

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For establishing observational learning in fish, the appearance of model would be important [25,26]. Using animation techniques, it is possible to manipulate the model appearance, e.g., size, color, and motion in video model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can red sea bream Pagrus major learn about feeding and avoidance through the observation of conspecific behavior in video playback?

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study investigated whether red sea bream Pagrus major could learn about feeding and avoidance area through video model observation. In Experiment 1, 45-mm standard length (SL) fish were trained to learn about a feeding area in a tank. In Experiment 2, 114-mm SL juveniles were conditioned to avoid a hand net by moving into a shelter. Three treatments were established in each experiment: (i) live model observer: fish observed the behavior of a real fish in an adjacent tank; (ii) video model observer, fish observed video playback of a conspecific on a monitor; and (iii) non-observing control. Ten observational trials were performed in both experiments for the live and video model observer. Afterwards, fish from all treatments were conditioned by feed or avoidance conditioning. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in the feed learning process among treatments. In contrast, in Experiment 2, live and video model observers acquired avoidance learning more quickly than control. The result indicates that the video model can be as efficient as the live model for observational learning in fish. This study suggests that video playback may be useful for anti-predator training of seedlings for stock enhancement.

show abstract

“…The authors concluded that juveniles of P. dentex learn through ‘vicarious’ reinforcement from a feeding demonstrator by showing that only after seeing a conspecific eating food, pellets near aeration bubbles did the observer fish spend more time foraging by the aeration bubbles (Takahashi et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together, our results indicate that O. ocellatus has the ability to learn by observing the behavior of another conspecific. Very recently, Takahashi et al (2013) also set several effective controls to discriminate between possible mechanisms of observational learning to investigate what is important in social transmission of feeding information in a fish species Pseudocaranx dentex (striped jack). There have been few studies regarding mechanisms of observational learning in fish, although many species of fish exhibit social learning (Brown & Laland 2003;Brown & Laland 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been few studies regarding mechanisms of observational learning in fish, although many species of fish exhibit social learning (Brown & Laland 2003;Brown & Laland 2011). The authors concluded that juveniles of P. dentex learn through 'vicarious' reinforcement from a feeding demonstrator by showing that only after seeing a conspecific eating food, pellets near aeration bubbles did the observer fish spend more time foraging by the aeration bubbles (Takahashi et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Visual Discrimination Learning in the Small Octopus Octopus ocellatus

Tomita

Aoki

2014

Ethology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Octopus ocellatus is a small benthic species of octopus that is easy to rear and spawns large eggs during a short life cycle. These and other features of O. ocellatus may make it an advantageous subject for a broad range of behavioral studies, including those involving various types of learning. However, no type of learning has been studied in O. ocellatus. In a successive visual discrimination task, in which a ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ stimulus (white or black rectangle) was presented to a subject octopus and appropriate rewards or punishments were given to the subject, the rate of ‘correct’ responses (i.e., touches to the positive stimulus or refraining from the negative stimulus) gradually increased. Moreover, ‘observer’ octopuses that observed another octopus performing a visual discrimination task in which reward was also given to the ‘incorrect’ responses (touches to the negative stimulus) showed a higher ratio of incorrect responses in their test sessions. These results, coupled with the physical characteristics of O. ocellatus, indicate that this species is potentially suitable for neurogenetic and neuroembryological studies of learning.

show abstract

What to copy: the key factor of observational learning in striped jack (Pseudocaranx dentex) juveniles

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Captive chimpanzee foraging in a social setting: a test of problem solving, flexibility, and spatial discounting

Captive chimpanzee foraging in a social setting: a test of problem solving, flexibility, and spatial discounting

Can red sea bream Pagrus major learn about feeding and avoidance through the observation of conspecific behavior in video playback?

Visual Discrimination Learning in the Small Octopus Octopus ocellatus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About