What the Radiologist Needs to Know About Urolithiasis: Part 1???Pathogenesis, Types, Assessment, and Variant Anatomy

Cheng, Phillip M.; Moin, Paymann; Dunn, Matthew D.; Boswell, William D.; Duddalwar, Vinay

doi:10.2214/ajr.10.7285

Cited by 41 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Plain radiography, sonography, intravenous urography and computed tomography are the imaging modalities available in such situation. [1][2][3][4] Among these, CT is the imaging modality of choice. 5-10 USG on the other hand is very handy imaging modality but its capability had been underestimated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonography in Acute Ureteric Colic: An Experience in Dhulikhel Hospital

Joshi

Karki

Regmi

et al. 2015

Kathmandu Univ. Med. J.

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BackgroundComputed tomography is considered as an imaging modality of choice in acute ureteric colic. However due to concerns regarding radiation exposure, sonograms are re-emerging as imaging methods in such situations. ObjectivesTo evaluate the role of sonography in detection of calculus in acute ureteric colic. MethodsTotal 384 patients were enrolled. Hydronephrosis was graded as mild, moderate or severe. Calculus was detected as an intraluminal echogenic focus with distal shadowing with twinkling artifact. Number, size and position of the calculi were assessed. Patients were categorized into four groups:I. ureteric colic only II. ureteric colic with hematuria III. ureteric colic with hydronephrosis and IV. ureteric colic with hematuria and hydronephrosis and then the possibility of detection of calculi has been compared among these groups. ResultsOut of 384 patients, 254 were found to have calculi ranging between 2.7-27mm. Nineteen had in the pelvis/ pelviureteric junction, 64 in proximal ureter, 125 in distal ureter, 6 at iliac crossing and 40 at vesicoureteric junction. Two hundred forty one had single and 14 had multiple calculi. Calculus detection is easier in category III and IV patients. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography were 87.98% and 93.07%. Degree of hydronephrosis is strongly correlated with the number of calculi but weakly correlated with the size of the calculus. ConclusionSonogram can be used in all cases of acute ureteric colic. Hydronephrosis is the most important finding because it paves the way out for the detection of calculus. KEY WORDSCalculus, hydronephrosis, sonography, ureteric colic 37. Goertz JK, Lotterman S. Can the degree of hydronephrosis on ultrasound predict kidney stone size? Am J Emerg Med. 2010; 28 (7):813-6. EdmonsML, Yan JW, Sedran RJ, McLeod SL, Theakston KD. The utility of renal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of renal colic in emergency department patients. CJEM. 2010; 12:201-6. 39. Moesbergen TC, Ryke RJde, Dunbar S, Wells JE, Anderson NG. Distal Ureteral Calculi: US Follow up. Radiology. 2011; 260: 575-80. 40. Viprakasit DP, Sawyer MD, Herrell SD, Miller NL. Limitations of ultrasonography in the evaluation of urolithiasis: a correlation with computed tomography. J Endourol. 2012; 26: 209-13.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonography in Acute Ureteric Colic: An Experience in Dhulikhel Hospital

Joshi

Karki

Regmi

et al. 2015

Kathmandu Univ. Med. J.

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“…About 12% of men and 5% of women will develop urolithiasis during their lifetime. However, the prevalence is estimated to be higher in more developed countries [16][17][18][19][20]. Stone disease is also one of America's costliest health issues, accounting for approximately $2 billion annual health-care dollars [21].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several dietary, hereditary, and environmental factors which play an integral role in stone disease, such as hypercalciuria, renal tubular acidosis, and chronic diarrhea and gout [20]. The composition of most upper urinary tract stones is either calcium (i.e., calcium oxalate dehydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium phosphate), struvite, or uric acid with calcium being the most common.…”

Section: Stone Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, patients will complain of vomiting, nausea, and microscopic hematuria. However, staghorn calculus which is caused by urease-producing bacteria such Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli can manifest as a recurrent urinary tract infection instead of an obstruction [20]. If there is an infection and an obstructed collecting system, patients can present with sepsis [27].…”

Section: Clinical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Obstruction, Stone Disease, and Infection

Nicola

Menias

2018

IDKD Springer Series

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“…30 There are multiple types of calculi, with the most common type being calcium based (75%), followed by struvite (15%), uric acid (UA) (8%), and cysteine (3%). 31 Struvite stones are associated with infections from urease splitting organisms resulting in alkaline urine. UA calculi are seen with a low urinary pH, are radiolucent on plain radiographs, and have attenuation values on CT imaging typically of less than 400 HU (Fig.…”

Section: Urinary Tract Calculus Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%