What Should We Teach Beginners about Solubility and Solubility Products?

Hawkes, Stephen J.

doi:10.1021/ed075p1179

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The solvation of ion was possibly influenced by temperature in two ways. For instance it has been reported that ionsions interaction is usually decreased by increasing temperature that results in the solvation of ions which enhances by rise in temperature [4][5][6][7]. However, the solvation of ions may inversely be influenced by the rise in temperature, were a possible decrease in solvation occurs with the rise in temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum change in Δ°G was determined in Ca(OH) 2 . This can be explained on the bases of change in structure change, dielectric constant values, ion solvation, crystal forces and ionic radius of the Ca(OH) 2 positive value of the Δ°G explain that the solubility of the Ca(OH) 2 is very low [7]. In other words these Ca(OH) 2 when dissolved in these mixed solvent systems followed non-spontaneous dissolution process in forward direction hence, producing positive values of Δ°G [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solvent Effect on the Thermodynamic Parameters of Ca(OH)2 by Conductivity Method

S¹

2012

J Phys Chem Biophys

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Effect on the Thermodynamic Parameters of Ca(OH)2 by Conductivity Method

S¹

2012

J Phys Chem Biophys

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“…At this point it is worth mentioning that although Fe(OH) 3 presents a Kps of about 1.5 Â 10 À39 (at 298 K) [14], there is the equilibrium FeðOHÞ 3ðsÞ $ Fe 3þ þ 3ðOHÞ À :…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nd-enriched particles prepared from NdFeB magnets: A potential separation route

Fredericci

Campos

Braga

et al. 2014

Journal of Alloys and Compounds

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“…However, the earlier arrangements persisted in subsequent generations [81], and little has changed in the meantime [82]. About 20 years ago, Hawkes put in the title of his article [83] a dramatic question, corresponding to his statement presented therein that "the simple algorithms in introductory texts usually produce dramatic and often catastrophic errors"; it is hard not to agree with this opinion.…”

Section: Final Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts

Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk¹,

Spórna‐Kucab²,

Michałowski³

2017

Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds

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The chapter refers to a general concept of solubility product K sp of sparingly soluble hydroxides and different salts and calculation of solubility of some hydroxides, oxides, and different salts in aqueous media. A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds 94an organized manner-not just imitative, but focused on heuristics. This viewpoint is in accordance with constructivist teaching, based on the belief that learning occurs, as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction, as opposed to passively receiving information [19]. Definitions and formulation of solubility productsThe K sp value refers to a two-phase system where the equilibrium solid phase is a sparingly soluble precipitate, whose K sp value is measured/calculated according to defined expression for the solubility product. This assumption means that the solution with defined species is saturated against this precipitate, at given temperature and composition of the solution. However, often a precipitate, when introduced into aqueous media, is not the equilibrium solid phase, and then this fundamental requirement is not complied, as indicated in examples of the physicochemical analyses of the systems with struvite MgNH 4 PO 4 [20, 21], dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 [22, 23], and Ag 2 Cr 2 O 7 .The values of solubility products K sp (usually represented by solubility constant pK sp = ÀlogK sp value) are known for stoichiometric precipitates of A a B b or A a B b C c type, related to dissociation reactions:where A and B or A, B, and C are the species forming the related precipitate; charges are omitted here, for simplicity of notation. The solubility products for more complex precipitates are unknown in the literature. The precipitates A a B b C c are known as ternary salts [24], e.g., struvite, dolomite, and hydroxyapatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH.

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What Should We Teach Beginners about Solubility and Solubility Products?

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

Solvent Effect on the Thermodynamic Parameters of Ca(OH)2 by Conductivity Method

Solvent Effect on the Thermodynamic Parameters of Ca(OH)2 by Conductivity Method

Nd-enriched particles prepared from NdFeB magnets: A potential separation route

Solubility Products and Solubility Concepts

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