What should we be doing about kitchen smoke?

Bates, Liz; Bruce, Nigel; Theuri, D.; Owalla, H; Amatya, Pramod; Malla, Min Bikram; Hood, Ahmed

doi:10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60478-0

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Practical Action, a non-governmental organization that has promoted improved cookstoves for low-income countries (including Kenya), calculated that yearly savings of 7,400 Kenyan shillings (KSh) (~$100.00 USD) could be obtained by improving the efficiency of fuel use with upesi jiko [ 20 ]. However, the health impact of upesi jiko or similar cookstoves in rural Africa has not been fully established [ 16 , 21 ]. The relatively low cost of 150 KSh, or ~ $2.00 U.S. dollars (USD), is a primary advantage of the liners.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A strategy to increase adoption of locally-produced, ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan households

Silk

Sadumah²,

Patel

et al. 2012

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundExposure to household air pollutants released during cooking has been linked to numerous adverse health outcomes among residents of rural areas in low-income countries. Improved cookstoves are one of few available interventions, but achieving equity in cookstove access has been challenging. Therefore, innovative approaches are needed. To evaluate a project designed to motivate adoption of locally-produced, ceramic cookstoves (upesi jiko) in an impoverished, rural African population, we assessed the perceived benefits of the cookstoves (in monetary and time-savings terms), the rate of cookstove adoption, and the equity of adoption.MethodsThe project was conducted in 60 rural Kenyan villages in 2008 and 2009. Baseline (n = 1250) and follow-up (n = 293) surveys and a stove-tracking database were analyzed.ResultsAt baseline, nearly all respondents used wood (95%) and firepits (99%) for cooking; 98% desired smoke reductions. Households with upesi jiko subsequently spent <100 Kenyan Shillings/week on firewood more often (40%) than households without upesi jiko (20%) (p = 0.0002). There were no significant differences in the presence of children <2 years of age in households using upesi jiko (48%) or three-stone stoves (49%) (p = 0.88); children 2–5 years of age were less common in households using upesi jiko versus three-stone stoves (46% and 69%, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Vendors installed 1,124 upesi jiko in 757 multi-family households in 18 months; 68% of these transactions involved incentives for vendors and purchasers. Relatively few (<10%) upesi jiko were installed in households of women in the youngest age quartile (<22 years) or among households in the poorest quintile.ConclusionsOur strategy of training of local vendors, appropriate incentives, and product integration effectively accelerated cookstove adoption into a large number of households. The strategy also created opportunities to reinforce health messages and promote cookstoves sales and installation. However, the project’s overall success was diminished by inequitable and incomplete adoption by households with the lowest socioeconomic status and young children present. Additional evaluations of similar strategies will be needed to determine whether our strategy can be applied equitably elsewhere, and whether reductions in fuel use, household air pollution, and the incidence of respiratory diseases will follow adoption of improved cookstoves.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A strategy to increase adoption of locally-produced, ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan households

Silk

Sadumah²,

Patel

et al. 2012

BMC Public Health

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“…Of concern, however, was the finding that despite large reductions, average postintervention PM 2·5 concentrations remained very high, at levels of up to several hundred μg per m 3 for the solid fuel stoves. Vented stoves achieved lower postintervention levels than did non-chimney stoves, and some examples of vented stoves tested in Central America (chimneys) and Nepal (hood venting to exterior) achieved average 24 h kitchen PM 2·5 concentrations in the range of 50 μg/m 3 to 60 μg/m 3 300,301. The lowest group average postintervention concentrations were seen for clean fuels (ethanol, gas, electricity), although studies were few in number and levels were still well above the WHO IT-1 of 35 μg/m 3 —eg, 100 μg/m 3 or higher for ethanol (eg, Practical Action Consulting 2011297) and 80 μg/m 3 for the one study of electrification 299.…”

Section: Interventions and Proposed Experimental Approachesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Gordon¹,

Bruce²,

Grigg³

et al. 2014

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

761

592

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A third of the world’s population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5–4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.

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“…Where there is a strong component of private sector participation, such as in the case of LPG programs in Niger, Sudan or Rwanda, or the biogas program in Ethiopia, demonstrating the positive impacts the programs have through their investments into local capacity building as well as job creation along the value chains can additionally help convince the target populations to switch to the offered MECS solutions. In the case of LPG, it is important to involve the suppliers from the start, as argued by Bates [86]. To demonstrate market size and viability it is important to show that low-income households can afford to buy LPG.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As highest profit margins lie in fuel refills, providers of LPG should offer gas bottles at low prices or with financing, to enable small, incremental payments over time. While some evidence suggests that giving LPG bottles away for free leads to their reselling at local markets, awareness-raising efforts on the benefits of MECS can help avoid that [86].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review

Bisaga

2021

Energies

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Cooking with modern energy fuels and technologies has a high potential to positively impact the users’ health and well-being, and make cooking safer and less burdensome for women and girls. To date, there have been numerous interventions targeting improved cooking solutions in displacement settings, but very few which have involved modern energy cooking, such as ethanol, biogas, LPG or electric cooking. They have been largely absent from humanitarian programming due to limited availability, affordability and lack of business models that suit those complex settings. Additionally, energy access services in displacement settings have historically relied primarily on grant-based funding. However, grants are limited to relatively short timeframes which do not align with the long-term needs of the displaced. New ways of funding energy access in displacement settings, and particularly modern energy cooking services, are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge as the number of displaced surpassed 80 million in 2020, with close to 90% having little or no access to adequate cooking fuels and technologies. In this paper, we review modern energy cooking in displacement settings and the common ways of funding and delivering them. We argue that new ways of funding and delivering energy access in displacement settings are urgently needed to address the scale of the challenge and to facilitate transitions to modern energy cooking fuels and technologies, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 and the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’.

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What should we be doing about kitchen smoke?

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

A strategy to increase adoption of locally-produced, ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan households

A strategy to increase adoption of locally-produced, ceramic cookstoves in rural Kenyan households

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review

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