“…Conservationists have long been interested in the Common Eider (Townsend 1914); however, recent declines in global numbers have made the Common Eider a species of greater conservation concern, resulting in the species being uplisted to 'Near-threatened' globally, but 'Vulnerable' in Europe and 'Endangered' within the 27 European Union countries in 2015 (Birdlife International 2015. Previous research has highlighted a wide range of potential threats to Common Eider populations, including fisheries bycatch (Ellis et al 2013, Christensen-Dalsgaard et al 2019, hunting pressure (Desholm et al, 2002, Gilliland et al 2009, predation pressure on adult females (Ekroos et al 2012b), decreased juvenile survival due to food shortages (Hario & Rintala 2006), food shortage due to decreased fertilizer input (Laursen & Møller 2014), thiamine deficiency (Balk et al 2009), pollution incidents including oil spills (Ekroos et al 2012a), climate change (Lehikoinen et al, 2006, Guéry et al 2017, Bårdsen et al 2018, Dey et al 2018 and outbreaks of disease such as cholera and Wellfleet Bay virus (Descamps et al 2012, Allison et al 2015. Crucially, for a large-bodied, long-lived bird such as the Common Eider, population dynamics typically show the greatest sensitivity to variation in adult survival rates (Wilson et al 2012, Flint 2015,Öst et al 2016.…”