“…They have also been collected from high-altitude lakes (up to 5,600 m above sea level) (Andrássy, 1978;Tsalolikhin, 2014), from deep-sea regions (down to 11,000 m below sea level) (Bik et al, 2010;Leduc & Rowden, 2018) and from caves and groundwater (Muschiol et al, 2015). In addition to these large-scale and permanent habitats, nematodes inhabit small, isolated and temporal environments, such as heat outlets or the volcanos of isolated islands (Muschiol & Traunspurger, 2009;Portnova, 2009;Schabetsberger et al, 2009;Portnova et al, 2011;Schabetsberger et al, 2013), ephemeral ponds with no connection to other waters or created by melt water or subject to sporadic desiccation and surrounded by desert or ice (Suren, 1990;Pinder et al, 2000;Chan et al, 2005), as well as water collections in plant components (phytotelmata) (Kitching, 2000;Ptatscheck et al, 2015a;Robaina et al, 2015;Zotz & Traunspurger, 2016).…”