What’s in a Concept? Conceptualizing the Nonconceptual in Buddhist Philosophy and Cognitive Science

Abstract

O]ne and the same philosophical issue can be a matter of contention in philosophical centers entirely distinct from each other, widely separated in time and space, and belonging to disparate cultures. And this in its turn provides a compelling argument for two things: first, for the genuine universality of some major philosophical problems; and, second, for the desirability of further comparative study of the respects in which the two philosophical traditions in question may illustrate this universality… (Strawson 1999: 327) A recurrent problem in the philosophical debates over whether there is or can be nonconceptual experience or whether all experience is conceptually structured, mediated, or dependent is the lack of a generally accepted account of what concepts are. Without a precise specification of what a concept is, the notion of nonconceptuality is equally ill defined. This problem cuts across contemporary philosophy and cognitive science as well as classical Indian philosophy (Siderits, Tillemans, and Chakrabarti 2011), and it affects how we go about philosophically "engaging Buddhism" (Garfield 2015) in particular. Buddhist philosophers generally argue that our everyday experience of the world is conceptually constructed. For example, they argue that what appear to us to be stable, enduring entities possessing properties and belonging to kinds are fictions created by the imposition of concepts onto the incessant flux of momentary events. At the same time, "nonconceptual cognition" (nirvikalpa jñāna) marks the limits of conceptuality.But what precisely do "conceptual" and "nonconceptual" mean? Consider that "concept" is routinely used to translate the Sanskrit term, vikalpa; nirvikalpa is accordingly rendered as "nonconceptual." But vikalpa has also been rendered as "imagination" (Matilal 1986: 312-315), "discriminative construction" (Urban and Griffiths 1994), "discursive thought" (Wayman 1992), and "discrimination" (Sharf 2018). Related terms, such as kalpanā (conceptualization/mental construction) and kalpanāpoḍha (devoid of conceptualization/mental construction), have also been rendered in various ways. Besides the question of how to translate these terms in any givenBuddhist philosophical text, how should we relate them to current philosophical or cognitive scientific uses of the term "concept"? More generally, given that the relationship between the conceptual and the nonconceptual has been one of the central and recurring issues for the