What Performance Characteristics Determine Elite Versus Nonelite Athletes in the Same Sport?

Lorenz, Daniel; Reiman, Michael P.; Lehecka, B.J.; Naylor, A. Ross

doi:10.1177/1941738113479763

Cited by 71 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…It confirms that rates of return to the preinjury level of sport following ACL reconstruction are higher among elite athletes (83%, 95% CI 77% to 88%) than among nonelite athletes (60%, 95% CI 53% to 67%) 4. A combination of factors, including elite athletes having superior athletic skill,5 levels of physical fitness7 and knee proprioception,6 8 different psychological profiles,9 ready access to high-quality healthcare10 and greater financial incentives to play than nonelite athletes might help to explain why elite athletes have a higher rate of return to sport.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes

Ardern²,

et al. 2017

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Objectives The primary objective was to calculate the rate of return to sport (RTS) following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in elite athletes. Secondary objectives were to estimate the time taken to RTS, calculate rates of ACL graft rupture, evaluate postsurgical athletic performance and identify determinants of RTS. Design Pooled RTS and graft rupture rates were calculated using random effects proportion metaanalysis. Time to RTS, performance data and determinants of RTS were synthesised descriptively. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, AMI, PEDro, SPORTDiscus and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 19 January 2016. Hand searching of 10 sports medicine journals and reference checking were also performed. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Studies were included if they reported the ratio of elite athletes who returned to their preinjury level of sport following ACL reconstruction. Twenty-four studies were included. results The pooled RTS rate was 83% (95% CI 77% to 88%). The mean time to RTS ranged from 6 to 13 months. The pooled graft rupture rate was 5.2% (95% CI 2.8% to 8.3%). Six out of nine studies that included a noninjured control group found no significant deterioration in athletic performance following ACL reconstruction. Indicators of greater athletic skill or value to the team were associated with RTS. summary and conclusions Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes returned to sport following ACL reconstruction, while 5.2% sustained a graft rupture. Most athletes who returned to sport performed comparably with matched, uninjured controls. This information may assist in guiding expectations of athletes and clinicians following ACL reconstruction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes

Ardern²,

et al. 2017

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“…Elite endurance athletes have higher VO 2max values than non-elites, where elite male athletes VO 2max values range from 70-85 ml kg -1 min -1 , and elite women being approximately 10-12% lower. Non-elite marathon runners have a significantly lower VO 2max than elites, with male and female VO 2max values around 60.6 and 51.6 ml kg -1 min -1 , respectively (Lorenz et al, 2013).…”

Section: Elite Vs Non-elite Runnersmentioning

confidence: 97%

Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Not Associated with Slowing in the Marathon

McGuirk

Lundstrum

Betker

et al. 2016

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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Background: Previous research has shown that males slow more throughout the course of a marathon than females. Proposed reasons for differences in slowing include the fact that females oxidize proportionately more lipids and fewer carbohydrates during exercise when compared to males, and possible differences in thermoregulation. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) can be used to estimate the ratio of fat to carbohydrates being metabolized. Purpose: To compare the degree of slowing (time in the first vs. second half of a marathon) between men and women, and determine if steady-state RER or ambient temperature differences predict the rate of slowing in male and female novice marathon runners. Methods: Chip times for 123 female and 44 male recreational marathon runners (21.0 ± 1.7yrs) were used to determine change in pace observed in the second half of the marathon compared to the first half. A two-mile time trial (2MI) was used to assess baseline fitness and pace for steady-state measurements. A submaximal 6-minute treadmill run at 75% of 2MI velocity was completed 1-3 weeks before the marathon. RER was collected using a metabolic cart (Medical Graphics Diagnostics, St. Paul, MN). Baseline measures and outcomes (RER and percent slowing) were analyzed using independent samples t-tests to detect differences between the groups (men vs. women and by year 2014, cool weather vs. 2015, warm weather). Univariate ANOVA tests were run to analyze the differences in percent slowing (%slowing) and RER by year and sex. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used to determine the strength III of the relationship between RER and %slowing as well as the relationship between %slowing and percent body fat (%BF), weight, height, body surface area (BSA), and BSA to mass ratio (BSA/M). Results: The mean %slowing for the total sample for 2014 and the total sample in 2015 was 14.1± 12.0% and 22.0 ± 16.5%, respectively (p<0.05). The mean %slowing for the combined group from 2014 and 2015 males and females was 20.6± 14.8% and 17.02 ± 14.8%, respectively (p <0.05). Females had a significantly lower RER during steadystate exercise in comparison with males (Female = 0.87 ± 0.05, Male = 0.89 ± 0.05, p<0.05). Sex and year were predictors of %slowing. There was no significant relationship between RER, temperature of marathon, weight, %BF, BSA, or BSA/M and %slowing in the total group, but RER and height were significantly related (p<0.05). Conclusion: Consistent with previous research, males slow more than females from the first to second half of the marathon. However, RER was not associated with slowing during the marathon. Temperatures of the race did affect the rate of slowing, but men and women were not affected differently. This suggests that pace maintenance is not due to substrate metabolism.

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“…Physical fitness testing has also been used to discriminate elite players from their sub-elite peers, which offers a basis for the detection and identification of talent [7]. For example, a review by Lorenz and colleagues [29] describes specific performance characteristics seen in elite players of team-based ball sports, such as rugby and volleyball, and endurance-based sports, including swimming and running. Elite players often demonstrate superior power qualities relative to their sub-elite counterparts in field and court sports, which is likely to implicate speed and agility components [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a review by Lorenz and colleagues [29] describes specific performance characteristics seen in elite players of team-based ball sports, such as rugby and volleyball, and endurance-based sports, including swimming and running. Elite players often demonstrate superior power qualities relative to their sub-elite counterparts in field and court sports, which is likely to implicate speed and agility components [29]. However, physical fitness attributes including anthropometric characteristics, such as height, weight, and body fat percentage, are seemingly less sensitive in the identification of prospective performance potential in team-based ball players [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elite players often demonstrate superior power qualities relative to their sub-elite counterparts in field and court sports, which is likely to implicate speed and agility components [29]. However, physical fitness attributes including anthropometric characteristics, such as height, weight, and body fat percentage, are seemingly less sensitive in the identification of prospective performance potential in team-based ball players [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship Between Physical Fitness Qualities and Sport-Specific Technical Skills in Female, Team-Based Ball Players: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Background: Understanding the relationships between physical fitness attributes and sport-specific technical skills may assist with the establishment of beneficial training interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if physical fitness qualities were associated with performance of sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players. Methods: Five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest, and Scopus) were searched for relevant studies up to April 15, 2019. Full-text articles investigating relationships between physical fitness and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players were included. Methodological quality of included studies was appraised using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Data synthesis was conducted to determine the summary of evidence based on the number of significantly associated relationships divided by the total relationships assessed. An individual relationship was defined as a reported result examining the association between a single physical fitness variable and a single sport-specific technical skill.Results: Data synthesis of grouped female ball players from 41 included studies revealed three clear associations: (i) body composition and defensive technical skills (19/29; 66%), (ii) agility and movement with a ball (4/6; 67%), and (iii) coordination and movement with a ball (3/5; 60%). An uncertain association exists between cardiorespiratory fitness and defensive technical skills (2/5; 40%). No association or an unknown conclusion (< 5 relationships reported) exists between all remaining physical fitness attributes and sport-specific technical skills. Sub-analyses revealed clear associations between body composition and throwing/shooting (using hands) in junior ball players (15/15; 100%) and with movement with a ball in elite (6/9; 67%) and senior (6/6; 100%) ball players. Three uncertain associations were found between offensive technical skills and agility in elite ball players (3/8; 38%), and with speed in elite (6/14; 43%) and junior (7/18; 39%) female ball players.Conclusion: There is limited evidence available to demonstrate relationships between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players. This lack of association is possibly due to reductionist methods in available literature and a lack of research in female ball players globally.Registration: CRD42017065339 (PROSPERO on 12 May 2017).

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What Performance Characteristics Determine Elite Versus Nonelite Athletes in the Same Sport?

Cited by 71 publications

References 91 publications

Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes

Eighty-three per cent of elite athletes return to preinjury sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review with meta-analysis of return to sport rates, graft rupture rates and performance outcomes

Respiratory Exchange Ratio is Not Associated with Slowing in the Marathon

The Relationship Between Physical Fitness Qualities and Sport-Specific Technical Skills in Female, Team-Based Ball Players: A Systematic Review

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