What model material to use? A Review on rock analogs for structural geology and tectonics

Reber, Jacqueline E.; Cooke, Michele L.; Dooley, Tim P.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103107

Cited by 55 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(240 reference statements)

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“…Digital images, topographic data from laser scans, scripts and raw data have been uploaded using GFZ Data Services and can be accessed through https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2020.021. They are published open-access in Reitano et al (2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimentalists are always in search of a perfect dynamic scaling for their models. Scaling all the aspects of geological processes is very difficult to achieve, if not impossible (Reber et al, 2020). For example, using granular materials leads to a length scaling inherently not perfect: grains of the order of 0.1-1 mm in the laboratory, assuming a length scaling factor of 10 −5 , would correspond to 10 to 100 m in nature, which is obviously overestimated.…”

Section: Scaling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For landscape evolution models even more issues are linked to fluid flow or sediment transport (Paola et al, 2009). Nevertheless, these experiments provide an "unreasonable effectiveness" (Paola et al, 2009) that allows for their interpretation in terms of scaling by similarity (Reber et al, 2020). When the models and their natural prototype behave in a similar way, it is indeed possible to infer information about the prototype by studying the processes acting on the model (Reber et al, 2020) because of the scale independency of the processes.…”

Section: Scaling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Analog models can in principle overcome these limitations, allowing a useful direct control on the evolution of the studied physical process (e.g., Reber et al, 2020). These are free to evolve following the physics acting on them without needing external control apart from boundary conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erosional response of granular material in landscape models

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Tectonics and erosion–sedimentation are the main processes responsible for shaping the Earth's surface. The link between these processes has a strong influence on the evolution of landscapes. One of the tools we have for investigating coupled process models is analog modeling. Here we contribute to the utility of this tool by presenting laboratory-scaled analog models of erosion. We explore the erosional response of different materials to imposed boundary conditions, trying to find the composite material that best mimics the behavior of the natural prototype. The models recreate conditions in which tectonic uplift is no longer active, but there is an imposed fixed slope. On this slope the erosion is triggered by precipitation and gravity, with the formation of channels in valleys and diffusion on hillslope that are functions of the analog material. Using digital elevation models (DEMs) and a laser scan correlation technique, we show model evolution and measure sediment discharge rates. We propose three main components of our analog material (silica powder, glass microbeads and PVC powder; PVC: polyvinyl chloride), and we investigate how different proportions of these components affect the model evolution and the development of landscapes. We find that silica powder is mainly responsible for creating a realistic landscape in the laboratory. Furthermore, we find that varying the concentration of silica powder between 40 wt % and 50 wt % (with glass microbeads and PVC powder in the range 35 wt %–40 wt % and 15 wt %–20 wt %, respectively) results in metrics and morphologies that are comparable with those from natural prototypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scaling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scaling Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erosional response of granular material in landscape models

et al. 2020

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“…Although dry sand has many benefits as an analog for modeling crustal processes (e.g., strain-rate independence, well-constrained properties, and ease of use; Ritter et al, 2016Ritter et al, , 2018Schreurs et al, 2016;Reber et al, 2020), its low cohesion compared to wet kaolin favors the growth of new faults over fault reactivation (e.g., Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;Cooke et al, 2013). The properties of wet kaolin that produce long-lived faults are particularly important for modeling the evolution of fault systems; the abandonment and reactivation of individual fault segments in scaled physical experiments approximate the fault evolution in the crust (e.g., Clifton et al, 2000;Ackermann et al, 2001;Schlische et al, 2002;Eisenstadt and Sims, 2005;Henza et al, 2010;e.g., Hatem et al, 2015e.g., Hatem et al, , 2017Bonini et al, 2016;Bonanno et al, 2017;Toeneboehn et al, 2018).…”

Section: Properties Of Wet Kaolinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of slip partitioning under oblique convergence within scaled physical experiments

2020

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Oblique convergent margins host slip-partitioned faults with simultaneously active strike-slip and reverse faults. Such systems defy energetic considerations that a single oblique-slip fault accommodates deformation more efficiently than multiple faults. To investigate the development of slip partitioning, we record deformation throughout scaled experiments of wet kaolin over a low-convergence (<30°), obliquely slipping basal dislocation. The presence of a precut vertical weakness in the wet kaolin impacts the morphology of faults but is not required for slip partitioning. The experiments reveal three styles of slip partitioning development delineated by the order of faulting and the extent of slip partitioning. Low-convergence angle experiments (5°) produce strike-slip faults prior to reverse faults. In moderate-convergence experiments (10°–25°), the reverse fault forms prior to the strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults develop either along existing weaknesses (precut or previous reverse-slip faults) or through the coalescence of new echelon cracks. The third style of local slip partitioning along two simultaneously active dipping faults is transient while global slip partitioning persists. The development of two active fault surfaces arises from changes in off-fault strain pattern after development of the first fault. With early strike-slip faults, off-fault contraction accumulates to produce a new reverse fault. Systems with early lobate reverse faults accommodate limited strike-slip and produce extension in the hanging wall, thereby promoting strike-slip faulting. The observation of persistent slip partitioning under a wide range of experimental conditions demonstrates why such systems are frequently observed in oblique convergence crustal margins around the world.

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Analogue Modeling of Continental Rifting: An Overview

Zwaan

Schreurs

2022

Continental Rifted Margins 1

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What model material to use? A Review on rock analogs for structural geology and tectonics

Cited by 55 publications

References 197 publications

Erosional response of granular material in landscape models

Erosional response of granular material in landscape models

Onset of slip partitioning under oblique convergence within scaled physical experiments

Analogue Modeling of Continental Rifting: An Overview

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