What mineral and vitamin levels to recommend in swine diets?

Abstract

-Minerals, including trace-elements, and vitamins are currently introduced into the pig diet in order to obtain suitable performances for the modern pig genotype bred in confinement. Most of the mineral and vitamin contents of cereals and usual protein compounds are characterized by their poor and variable availability. Supplemental diets are then usually needed. This paper, based on literature data, reviews the pig requirement for minerals and vitamins in order to ensure economic and profitable performance. Recent research has focused on phosphorus due to environmental considerations. The widespread use of microbial phytase has decreased the need for inorganic phosphates. Cereals are particularly deficient in calcium and sodium, consequently limestone and salt are necessary to meet the pig need for these minerals. Zinc and copper are recognized as growth promoting agents but their use at high levels is detrimental to the environment. The pig diets usually contain supplemental contents of iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine and selenium. The need for these elements in pig diets is described individually. Vitamin E and choline represent the most expensive vitamins added. Choline is then usually not incorporated into the pig fattening diet taking into account the choline contents of the raw materials, while vitamin E is included at a lower level than those which improve the meat quality. Our recent research has dealt with increased levels of vitamins added in combination, calculating higher requirement of the modern pig genotype. Fewer improvements have been obtained in this way, suggesting that recommendations proposed by INRA in 1984 are mainly justified.Key Words: environment, enzymes, feeding, meat quality, modern genotype, nutritional requirements Que níveis de vitamina e mineral são recomendados em rações de suínos?RESUMO -Minerais, inclusive elementos traços, e vitaminas são atualmente adicionados nas rações de suínos objetivando obter performance adequada para genótipos modernos criados em confinamento. A maioria do conteúdo de mineral e vitamina dos cereais e compostos protéicos é caracterizada por sua baixa e variável disponibilidade. Dietas suplementares são então geralmente necessárias. Este artigo, baseado em dados de literatura, revê a exigência do suíno para minerais e vitaminas objetivando assegurar desempenho econômico e rentável. Recente pesquisa tem focado no fósforo devido às considerações ambientais. A propagação do uso de fitase microbial reduziu a necessidade de fosfato inorgânico. Cereais são particularmente deficientes em cálcio e sódio, consequentemente calcário e sal são necessários para atender a necessidade do suíno para estes minerais. Zinco e cobre são reconhecidos como agentes promotores de crescimento, mas sua utilização em elevados níveis são prejudiciais ao meio-ambiente. As rações de suínos geralmente contêm quantidades suplementares de ferro, manganês, cobalto, iodo e selênio. A necessidade para estes elementos nas rações de suínos é descrita individualmente. A vitamina E ...

Lesión en la carne y adicción de nutrientes en el ayuno antes del sacrificio de cerdos

“…reduced backfat thickness and increased the amount of lean meat in the carcass (6). When adding higher doses than those recommended as animal daily nutritional requirements, it is possible to note improvements on meat color and oxidation resistance, with feed ranging from 100-200 mg / kg (7). This present study was carried out aiming to evaluate and quantifying the leading causes of damage to animal skin and carcass associated with pig slaughterhouse waiting and resting area management, along with assessing how glucose, sodium bicarbonate and vitamin E added to drinking water during pre-slaughter fasting in the farm may affect carcass yield, relative organ weights (liver, heart, stomach and kidneys) and the quality of pork meat.…”

Efeito de estratégias nutricionais para redução de nutrientes poluidores nos dejetos sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos

“…Tendo em vista a importância dos minerais traços para o metabolismo de proteína, de carboidratos e de lipídeos, como o zinco, que é componente de muitas enzimas, o cobre, que desempenha importante função no sistema imune, e o manganês, que é essencial para o desenvolvimento do esqueleto (Gaudré e Quiniou, 2009), constata-se que a combinação dos minerais na forma inorgânico-orgânica propiciou condições para que as características de carcaça fossem semelhantes àquelas observadas nos animais da dieta-controle.…”

Effects of nano mineral-supplemented diet on sow productivity

“…A good diet with supplemented minerals will contribute to growth, development and production of pigs (Raje et al, 2018). The abusing of micronutrients in large amounts is not only beneficial to pig health, but also increases production costs and badly impact to the environment (Gaudré & Quiniou, 2009). Thus, nano mineral production is considered to be one of the best methods to control and reduce the supplemented mineral amount for pig diets.…”