What Makes Mindfulness-Based Interventions Effective? An Examination of Common Components

Kropp, Alexander; Sedlmeier, Peter

doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01167-x

Cited by 53 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…To date, there is a scarcity of studies into sequence or framework effects (Hölzel et al, 2011; Lippelt et al, 2014). Nevertheless, some studies have shown a greater perceived effort for participants who began their practice with loving-kindness meditation compared to beginning practice with breathing meditation or the body scan (Lumma et al, 2015; Kropp and Sedlmeier, 2019). Additionally, a specific traditional background or framework can tremendously influence the effects of meditation (Wachholtz and Pargament, 2005; Amihai and Kozhevnikov, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, researchers have begun to compare selected meditation techniques (Amihai and Kozhevnikov, 2014; May et al, 2014; Lumma et al, 2015; Fredrickson et al, 2017; Kropp and Sedlmeier, 2019; Trautwein et al, 2020) or proposed extended theoretical models and classification systems (Hölzel et al, 2011; Vago and Silbersweig, 2012; Nash and Newberg, 2013; Schmidt, 2014; Dahl et al, 2015; Lutz et al, 2015). Other researchers have elaborated on ancient theories of meditation tied to specific Hindu or Buddhist systems of thought (Lutz et al, 2007; Grabovac et al, 2011; Sedlmeier and Srinivas, 2016; Sedlmeier and Srinivas, in press).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System

Matko

Sedlmeier

2019

Front. Psychol.

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Meditation is an umbrella term, which subsumes a huge number of diverse practices. It is still unclear how these practices can be classified in a reasonable way. Earlier proposals have struggled to do justice to the diversity of meditation techniques. To help in solving this issue, we used a novel bottom-up procedure to develop a comprehensive classification system for meditation techniques. In previous studies, we reduced 309 initially identified techniques to the 20 most popular ones. In the present study, 100 experienced meditators were asked to rate the similarity of the selected 20 techniques. Using multidimensional scaling, we found two orthogonal dimensions along which meditation techniques could be classified: activation and amount of body orientation. These dimensions emphasize the role of embodied cognition in meditation. Within these two dimensions, seven main clusters emerged: mindful observation, body-centered meditation, visual concentration, contemplation, affect-centered meditation, mantra meditation, and meditation with movement. We conclude there is no “meditation” as such, but there are rather different groups of techniques that might exert diverse effects. These groups call into question the common division into “focused attention” and “open-monitoring” practices. We propose a new embodied classification system and encourage researchers to evaluate this classification system through comparative studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System

Matko

Sedlmeier

2019

Front. Psychol.

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“…Lomas et al (2019) report larger effects on health-related outcomes for standardized MBSR versions, whereas Bartlett et al (2019) and Bamber and Morpeth (2019) did not find any moderating effects for MBP type and content. A growing body of research suggests that particular training components, meditation techniques, and mindfulness practices contribute differentially to effects on some outcomes (e.g., Hunt et al 2018;Kropp and Sedlmeier 2019). Two recent meta-analyses indicate that programs with elements of various informal and formal meditation practices yield larger effects on negative affectivity (Schumer et al 2018) and weight loss (Carrière et al 2018).…”

Section: Moderator Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

et al. 2020

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Objectives Given the complex demands of many workplaces, there is growing interest in the potential beneficial effects of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs) for employees. This meta-analysis systematically synthesizes the results of randomized controlled studies conducted in various workplace settings. Methods Eligible studies were identified by a systematic literature search in four electronic databases and complementary manual search strategies through 11/2018. Random-effects models were used to synthesize data across 56 studies including n = 2689 participants and n = 2472 controls. The validity of synthesized effect size estimates was analyzed for heterogeneity and influential cases (outliers). Risk of bias was assessed following Cochrane recommendations. Results Analyses of between-group effects indicated that MBPs effectively reduce stress, burnout, mental distress, and somatic complaints, while improving mindfulness, well-being, compassion, and job satisfaction-all with small to large effect sizes ranging from Hedge's g = 0.32 to 0.77. Results were maintained in follow-up assessments ≤ 12 weeks. Heterogeneity among primary studies was not explained consistently by program or participant characteristics in the exploratory moderator analyses. Results on work engagement and productivity were limited by low numbers of primary studies with outliers among their effect sizes. Conclusions Our meta-analysis provides evidence that MBPs effectively promote the health and well-being of employees in various occupational settings. Further research is needed to investigate potential benefits on work-related outcomes and effects for longer-term follow-ups.

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“…What motivates people to forfeit this precious time to meditate? Recent research indicates that different varieties of meditation might have different effects (Amihai & Kozhevnikov, 2014;Dahl et al, 2015;Fox et al, 2016;Kropp & Sedlmeier, 2019;Lumma et al, 2015;May et al, 2014;Sedlmeier, 2016). Therefore, knowing meditators' reasons or aims might turn out to be of enormous practical value: It might help guide recommendations for choosing meditation techniques that are especially suited for the purpose at hand.…”

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confidence: 99%

Why Do People Begin to Meditate and Why Do They Continue?

Theumer

2020

Mindfulness

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Objectives Studies that have examined why people begin to meditate and why they stay with it are few and inconclusive. We looked at these questions in two comprehensive exploratory studies. Methods In study 1, meditation teachers were asked why participants in their courses might begin to meditate and why they might continue to do so. A qualitative analysis of their responses, together with suggestions from the literature, yielded 77 distinct reasons that were applicable to both beginners and advanced meditators. In study 2, 245 meditators (49 who had practiced for less than 1 year) rated how strongly these reasons applied to themselves. Exploratory factor analyses of the reasons both to begin and to continue meditation were conducted. Results We found a large number of different categories that go beyond those identified in previous research. Reasons changed with increasing meditation practice, although spiritual goals tended to become more important only for practitioners with a spiritual background. Conclusions Our results indicate that reasons for meditating are much more diverse than previously assumed and that they are influenced by practitioners' spiritual background and their personality characteristics.

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What Makes Mindfulness-Based Interventions Effective? An Examination of Common Components

Cited by 53 publications

References 64 publications

What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System

What Is Meditation? Proposing an Empirically Derived Classification System

Mindfulness-Based Programs in the Workplace: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Why Do People Begin to Meditate and Why Do They Continue?

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