What makes carbon nanoparticle a potent material for biological application?

Abstract

Carbon materials are generally utilized in the form of carbon allotropes and their characteristics are exploited as such or for improving the thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of other biomaterials. This has now found a broader share in conventional biomaterial space with the generation of nanodiamond, carbon dot, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and so forth. With properties of better biocompatibility, intrinsic optical emission, aqueous suspendability, and easier surface conjugation possibilities made CNPs as one of the fore most choice for biological applications especially for use in intracellular spaces. There are various reports available presenting methods of preparing, characterizing, and using CNPs for various biological applications but a collection of information on what makes CNP a suitable biomaterial to achieve those biological activities is yet to be provided in a significant way. Herein, a series of correlations among synthesis, characterization, and mode of utilization of CNP have been incorporated along with the variations in its use as agent for sensing, imaging, and therapy of different diseases or conditions. It is ensembled that how simplified and optimized methods of synthesis is correlated with specific characteristics of CNPs which were found to be suitable in the specific biological applications. These comparisons and correlations among various CNPs, will surely provide a platform to generate new edition of this nanomaterial with improvised applications and newer methods of evaluating structural, physical, and functional properties. This may ensure the eventual use of CNPs for human being for specific need in near future.

Nanocarbon-Enforced Anisotropic MusCAMLR for Rapid Rescue of Mechanically Damaged Skeletal Muscles

“…The measurement of hydrodynamic diameter showed that the size of CNPs was ∼556 ± 99 nm, which decreased to ∼217 ± 63 nm in the case of CNP-PNIPAM (Figure a). Similarly, the ζ-potential of CNPs was found to be −9 mV, which reduces to −5 mV after passivation with PNIPAM, probably due to changes in the abundance of carboxylic acid groups on the surface (Figure a). , The analysis of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra showed the presence absorption maxima (λ max ) at 280 nm probably because of the π–π* transition and 360 nm due to the n –π* transition . A reduction in absorption intensity at λ max was found in the case of CNP-PNIPAM, probably due to masking of surface functionalities, which are known to be responsible for optical properties in CNPs (Figure b).…”

“…17,19 The analysis of ultraviolet−visible (UV−vis) absorption spectra showed the presence absorption maxima (λ max ) at 280 nm probably because of the π−π* transition and 360 nm due to the n−π* transition. 18 A reduction in absorption intensity at λ max was found in the case of CNP-PNIPAM, probably due to masking of surface functionalities, which are known to be responsible for optical properties in CNPs (Figure 1b). Furthermore, fluorescence emission spectra of CNPs and CNP-PNIPAM were investigated upon excitation at their characteristic λ max of 360 nm.…”

“…Furthermore, to improve on such interactions, a novel system of CNP-PNIPAM was synthesized during the preparation of MusCAMLR. CNPs were synthesized by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method using sucrose as a carbon source. , CNP-PNIPAM particles were also prepared from sucrose added with PNIPAM inside a pressure chamber by a similar method. The measurement of hydrodynamic diameter showed that the size of CNPs was ∼556 ± 99 nm, which decreased to ∼217 ± 63 nm in the case of CNP-PNIPAM (Figure a).…”

Dendrimer-Modified Carbon Nanoparticles with Excitation-Independent Long Wavelength Emission for siRNA Delivery

“…As a new kind of nanomaterial, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years. In particular, due to their unique features, such as tunable luminescence, excellent photostability, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and convenient preparation, CNPs have been widely studied in the field of drug delivery and bioimaging. − Research has demonstrated that excitation-independent long wavelength emission CNPs are sorely needed for real-time drug tracking . The shape of the fluorescence spectrum of the excitation-independent emission CNPs does not vary with the change of the excitation wavelength, and the maximum fluorescence emission can be obtained at the optimal excitation wavelength, which ensures the sensitivity of bioimaging .…”

Polyphenol-Based Nanoscale Iron Exchangers for Regulating Anticancer Chemotherapy by Modulating the Activity of Intracellular Glutathione

“…The benefits of such a passivation strategy of carbon nanoparticles using oxalate have also recently been recognized in developing a nanosensor for the exclusive detection of Fe­(III) . The versatile nanoscale carbons have a large surface area for functionalization and loading alongside the significant property of autofluorescence. , The carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are also known for their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high chemical stability, contributing to their suitability as a trackable carrier , that can accumulate at the tumor site through enhanced permeation and retention (EPR). , The FeNCP nanosystem and precursors, namely, carbon nanoparticle (CNP) and carbon nanoparticle passivated with the polyphenol gallic acid used as a model polyphenol (NCP), could be synthesized using a simple and one-pot hydrothermal method from sucrose. The response of FeNCP nanoparticles toward glutathione was studied thoroughly in PBS (pH 7.4) and cell lysates of two different cancer cell lines (HepG2 and B16F0) following changes in the absorbance, fluorescence, and morphological features.…”