What makes a woman? Understanding the reasons for and circumstances of female genital mutilation/cutting in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya

Kakal, Tasneem; Hidayana, Irwan Martua; Kassegne, Abeje Berhanu; Gitau, Tabither; Kok, Maryse; Kwaak, Anke van der

doi:10.1080/13691058.2022.2106584

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Social pressure to conform also plays a key role. A recent study involving 1,400 youth between the ages of 15 and 25 has examined the meanings associated with FGM/C in three distinct indigenous contexts in Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Kenya (Kakal et al, 2022). The results confirm the conclusions of earlier studies by showing how the pursuit of a bodily ideal (pure, clean) and sexual morality (limited libido) remains constant.…”

Section: Promoting Gender Equality and Sexual Rights Among Youth By E...supporting

confidence: 69%

“…FGM/C alters the "natural body" into a "cultural body, " in the same way as Western practices of body transformation or genital modification (Fusaschi, 2023). For instance, among the Maasai, FGM/C is seen as creating an "adult body" that allows young women to begin behaving like adults (Kakal et al, 2022). Furthermore, social norms around gender roles also shape male behavior and the construction of masculinity (Connell, 2005).…”

Section: Promoting Gender Equality and Sexual Rights Among Youth By E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changing gender norms around female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a key role for social work in the Global North

Villani

2023

Front. Sociol.

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“Female genital mutilation/cutting” (FGM/C) refers to procedures that involve altering the external female genitalia with the aim of reinforcing gendered body norms. The literature has consistently shown that, like various forms of discrimination, the practice is rooted in systems of gender inequality. As a result, FGM/C has increasingly come to be understood in terms of social norms that are by no means fixed. And yet, in the Global North, interventions remain primarily medical in nature, with clitoral reconstruction having emerged as a common means of dealing with related sexual issues. And although treatments can vary greatly depending on the hospitals and physicians involved, sexuality tends to be considered from a gynecological perspective, even when multidisciplinary care is offered. By contrast, gender norms and other socio-cultural factors receive little attention. In addition to highlighting three critical shortcomings in current responses to FGM/C, this literature review also describes how social work can play a key role in overcoming the associated barriers by (1) adopting a holistic approach to sex education, one capable of addressing those aspects of sexuality that lie beyond the scope of a medical consultation; (2) supporting family-based discussions on matters of sexuality; and (3) promoting gender equality, especially among younger generations.

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Section: Promoting Gender Equality and Sexual Rights Among Youth By E...supporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Promoting Gender Equality and Sexual Rights Among Youth By E...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing gender norms around female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a key role for social work in the Global North

Villani

2023

Front. Sociol.

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“…Our research on child marriage across seven countries had similar findings. We found that programmes focusing on community engagement need to continue engaging parents to bridge the inter-generational gap, particularly while discussing sensitive topics [ 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“You are a child and this is not your business”: Decision-making on child marriage in Sindh, Pakistan

Kakal,

Kok,

Jawad

2023

PLoS ONE

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Young people in Pakistan face challenges such as child marriage, which have adverse consequences on their education, employment, health and overall well-being. We conducted interviews (26) and focus group discussions (12) with young people (15 to 24 years) and community stakeholders to understand how child marriage is perceived by them and to gain insight into the decision-making regarding marriage of youth in Sindh, Pakistan. Study findings show that many young people wish to marry later, but recognize that child marriage is used as a protective strategy to cope with poverty and prevent sexual activity prior to marriage. Young people are expected to obey elders and young women are relegated to domestic roles which limit their decision-making about marriage. Young people and parents who are educated seem to have more negotiating power in delaying marriage than those with little or no education. Our results suggest that interventions should focus on expanding education and livelihood opportunities for young women while changing social norms through parental engagement and youth empowerment.

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The Medicalization of Female Genital Cutting (FGC) in Indonesia: A Complex Intersection of Tradition, Religion, and Human Rights

Hidayana

2024

Curr Sex Health Rep

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What makes a woman? Understanding the reasons for and circumstances of female genital mutilation/cutting in Indonesia, Ethiopia and Kenya

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Changing gender norms around female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a key role for social work in the Global North

Changing gender norms around female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a key role for social work in the Global North

“You are a child and this is not your business”: Decision-making on child marriage in Sindh, Pakistan

The Medicalization of Female Genital Cutting (FGC) in Indonesia: A Complex Intersection of Tradition, Religion, and Human Rights

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