What is wrong with non-respondents? Alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity in a 12-year follow-up study of respondents and non-respondents in the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey

Christensen, Anne Illemann; Ekholm, Ola; Gray, Linsay; Glümer, Charlotte; Juel, Knud

doi:10.1111/add.12939

Cited by 92 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to this, self-reported cannabis use may be subject to underreporting. Other health surveys have shown that nonrespondents have an increased risk of alcohol-, drug-, and smoking-related mortality and morbidity compared with respondents [35]. It is therefore possible that we may have underestimated the proportion of people who use cannabis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cannabis Use as Risk or Protection for Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study of 18 000 Swedish Men and Women

Danielsson

Lundin

Yaregal

et al. 2016

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Aims. Whether or not cannabis use may increase or decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes is not clear. We analyzed the association between cannabis and subsequent type 2 diabetes and if a potential positive or reverse association persisted after controlling for potential confounders. Methods. In this population-based cohort study, 17,967 Swedish men and women (aged 18–84 years), who answered an extensive questionnaire in 2002 (including questions on cannabis use), were followed up for new cases of type 2 diabetes (n = 608) by questionnaire (in 2010) and in health registers during 2003–2011. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs were estimated in a multiple logistic regression analysis. Potential confounders included age, sex, BMI, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol use, and occupational position. Results. The crude association showed that cannabis users had a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes OR = 0.68 (95% CIs: 0.47–0.99). However, this inverse association attenuated to OR = 0.94 (95% CIs: 0.63–1.39) after adjusting for age. Conclusions. The present study suggests that there is no association between cannabis use and subsequent type 2 diabetes after controlling for age. To make more robust conclusions prospective studies, with longer periods of follow-up and more detailed information about cannabis use, are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cannabis Use as Risk or Protection for Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study of 18 000 Swedish Men and Women

Danielsson

Lundin

Yaregal

et al. 2016

Journal of Diabetes Research

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“…It has been found that nonparticipants have lower education, more often live on social welfare and are more often unemployed than participants [8]. Non-participants are reported to use more alcohol than participants [9,10] and to have higher smoking and alcohol related mortality [11]. Non-participants of health surveys also more often use out-patient health care and have higher hospitalization rates than participants [4,6,7,12,13], have more psychotropic prescriptions [14], and have a higher mortality rate during the follow-up [15][16][17].…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection bias was reduced by recontacting nonparticipants

Karvanen

Tolonen

Härkänen

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology

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Objective: One of the main goals of health examination surveys (HES) is to provide unbiased estimates of health indicators at the population level. We demonstrate how multiple imputation methods may help to reduce the selection bias if partial data on some non-participants are collected. Study Design and Setting: In the FINRISK 2007 study, a populationbased health study conducted in Finland, a random sample of 10 000 men and women aged 25-74 were invited to participate. The study included a questionnaire data collection and a health examination. 6255 individuals participated in the study. Out of 3745 non-participants, 473 returned a simplified questionnaire after a recontact. Both the participants and the nonparticipants were followed up for death and hospitalizations. The follow-up data allowed to check the assumptions on the missing data mechanism and tailored multiple imputation methods were used to handle the missing data. Results: Non-participation is a strong predictor for mortality in the fiveyear follow-up. However, the recontact response does not predict mortality or morbidity among the non-participants when adjusted for age and sex. The M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 result suggests that the recontact respondents can be used as proxy for all non-participants. A comparison of raw estimates and estimates adjusted for selection bias reveals clear differences in the estimated population prevalences of smoking and heavy alcohol usage. Conclusion: All efforts to collect data on non-participants are likely to be useful even if the response rate for the recontact remains low. Statistical analysis of the recontact respondents provides an indication of the extent of the selection bias, even in studies where follow-up data are not available to check the assumptions.Keywords: survey; non-response; bias; missing data; multiple imputation What is new?:• Register data on cause specific mortality and morbidity can be used to check the assumptions on the missing data mechanism.• In the FINRISK 2007 study, we found that while the participants and the non-participants clearly differ, the non-participants with and without a recontact response have similar mortality and morbidity when adjusted for age and sex.• We propose a multiple imputation approach to handle data missing not at random. The approach is applicable when data on a non-response questionnaire are available.

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“…Christensen et al [15 ]compared respondents and nonrespondents regarding morbidity and risk factor-related mortality in Denmark and found indications of a more unfavorable health behavior among nonrespondents. Melton et al [10], just as Korkeila et al [11 ]and Launer et al [14],described nonresponse to be associated with older age, lower educational level, living alone, and worse health status.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in age, sociodemographic status, health-related behavior, and health status were frequently found [5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Associations with higher age, lower education level, living alone, unfavorable health behaviors, and worse health status were found among nonrespondents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Respondents and Nonrespondents of a Postal Breast Cancer Questionnaire Survey Regarding Differences in Age, Medical Conditions, and Therapy

et al. 2016

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Background: Collecting patient-reported data via postal questionnaires is a common and frequently used technique. Selection bias may occur through lost data from nonrespondents. This study investigated differences in characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents of a postal breast cancer survey. Patients and Methods: The investigation was based on a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey for the mandatory annual routine (re-)certification of accredited breast centers in North Rhine-Westphalia in 2010. Out of 4,444 patients meeting the inclusion criteria who gave their consent to participate, 3,856 respondents sent back a questionnaire and 588 nonrespondents did not. Using logistic regression, differences between respondents and nonrespondents regarding information gathered through hospital staff concerning age, affected breast, UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) staging and grading, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and type of surgery were assessed. Results: Very young and very old patients sent back their questionnaire significantly less frequently, as did patients who showed a later cancer stage and poorer general health and those who underwent mastectomy. Conclusion: Differences exist between respondents and nonrespondents with regard to age, disease, and therapy characteristics that need to be considered for the interpretation and generalizability of survey results due to selection bias.

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What is wrong with non-respondents? Alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity in a 12-year follow-up study of respondents and non-respondents in the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey

Cited by 92 publications

References 26 publications

Cannabis Use as Risk or Protection for Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study of 18 000 Swedish Men and Women

Cannabis Use as Risk or Protection for Type 2 Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study of 18 000 Swedish Men and Women

Selection bias was reduced by recontacting nonparticipants

Investigating Respondents and Nonrespondents of a Postal Breast Cancer Questionnaire Survey Regarding Differences in Age, Medical Conditions, and Therapy

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