What is Tobacco Smoke? Sociocultural Dimensions of the Association with Cardiovascular Risk

Abstract

The definition of smoking as the inhalation of the smoke of burned tobacco that may occur occasionally or habitually as a consequence of a physical addiction to some chemicals, primarily nicotine, cannot be fully accepted today since several clinical, biological, metabolic, epidemiologic, statistic and socio-economic factors which play a basic role in determining individual damage due to smoking are missing in this assessment. The analysis of findings shows undoubtedly that several constituents of cigarette smoking play a strong role in the development and progression of cardiovascular damage, primarily atherosclerotic lesions. Nicotine and its metabolites, carbon monoxide and thiocyanate seem to be the most specific markers of damage that, in the time, becomes irreversible. Cigarette smoking is addictive because of nicotine and nicotine withdrawal causes many side effects of quitting smoking as well as nicotine itself usually increases cardiovascular risk. Therefore, what is smoking? Smoking must be defined as a chemical toxicosis which is able to cause detrimental effects either of acute or chronic type on different structures of the body being some of these like cardiovascular system, respiratory system and epithelial glands target organs. Smoking also causes physical addiction, primarily due to nicotine, that adversely influences smoking cessation. From these observations there is evidence that a large number of socio-economic and epidemiologic implications arise in smokers and that requires the necessity of specific structures which may help to face up the problem.

What Has Taught Almost Half A Century of Research on the Relationship Between Passive Smoking and Cardiovascular System?

“…As described, there is always more evidence that smoking is a chemical toxicosis [1] to be assigned, in my personal opinion, to the group of systemic disease, even if some target organs as cardiovascular, respiratory system and epithelial structures undoubtedly exist. Moreover, smoking causes physical addiction primarily because of the nicotine that opposes the attempts of smoking cessation.…”

“…The first relates to a detailed definition of cigarette smoking as a factor of damage [1], and the second identifying specific structures of the heart and blood vessels considered as a target organ of toxic constituents of tobacco [2][3][4][5]. Smoking [1] is currently defined as a chemical toxicosis, which is able to cause detrimental effects either of acute or chronic type of different structures of the body like cardiovascular system, respiratory system and epithelial glands. With regards to cardiovascular structures involved in the damage from smoking, both the heart muscle and vascular system are simultaneously compromised, although by different stages and severity [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Types of Myocardial Necrosis: The Possible Role of Cigarette Smoking

“…A large number of both dated and very recent papers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] undoubtedly show that cigarette smoking harms the cardiovascular system mainly causing mild, moderate and severe lesions variably combined among them, to heart muscle.…”

The Highlights of Cardiovascular Disease Depend on Epidemiological Statistics

“…Moreover, studies documented cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor for cardiovascular disease, including ischemic and hypertensive heart disease [5,6].…”