What is the Smallest Earthquake Magnitude that Needs to be Considered in Assessing Liquefaction Hazard?

Green, Russell A.; Bommer, Julian J.

doi:10.1193/032218eqs064m

Cited by 56 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…Only 11 earthquakes in the database are reported to have caused liquefaction, which is consistent with the findings of Green and Bommer (2019) regarding the smallest earthquakes that give rise to such phenomena. All but one of these had magnitudes equal to or larger than 5.0.…”

Section: Landslides and Liquefactionsupporting

confidence: 85%

A database of damaging small-to-medium magnitude earthquakes

et al. 2020

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Interest in small-to-medium magnitude earthquakes and their potential consequences has increased significantly in recent years, mostly due to the occurrence of some unusually damaging small events, the development of seismic risk assessment methodologies for existing building stock, and the recognition of the potential risk of induced seismicity. As part of a clear ongoing effort of the earthquake engineering community to develop knowledge on the risk posed by smaller events, a global database of earthquakes with moment magnitudes in the range from 4.0 to 5.5 for which damage and/or casualties have been reported has been compiled and is made publicly available. The two main purposes were to facilitate studies on the potential for earthquakes in this magnitude range to cause material damage and to carry out a statistical study to characterise the frequency with which earthquakes of this size cause damage and/or casualties (published separately). The present paper describes the data sources and process followed for the compilation of the database, while providing critical discussions on the challenges encountered and decisions made, which are of relevance for its interpretation and use. The geographic, temporal, and magnitude distributions of the 1958 earthquakes that make up the database are presented alongside the general statistics on damage and casualties, noting that these stem from a variety of sources of differing reliability. Despite its inherent limitations, we believe it is an important contribution to the understanding of the extent of the consequences that may arise from earthquakes in the magnitude range of study.

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Section: Landslides and Liquefactionsupporting

confidence: 85%

A database of damaging small-to-medium magnitude earthquakes

et al. 2020

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“…The application of liquefaction hazard assessment procedures calibrated for larger-magnitude tectonic earthquakes in other regions has resulted in predictions of potentially catastrophic liquefaction effects, with severe implications for buildings and for infrastructure such as dikes. Despite the fact that these estimates are often associated with earthquake scenarios that are only fractionally greater than the lower bound for events that have been observed globally to trigger liquefaction (Green and Bommer 2018), the dissemination of such results has raised great concern regarding liquefaction hazard in Groningen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The software EXSIM (Motazedian and Atkinson 2005;Boore 2009) was used in conjunction with the Groningen-specific model parameters to generate motions at the reference horizon for magnitudes ranging from M 3.5 to M 7.0 and epicentral distances ranging from 0.1 to km. The lower bound was chosen on the basis of no liquefaction having been observed in the field to date and to explore the full range of potential triggering events, despite the fact that globally there is no reliable evidence of liquefaction triggering by earthquakes smaller than M 4.5 (Green and Bommer 2018). The upper value in the maximum magnitude distribution is M 7.25 as determined by an expert panel .…”

Section: Groningen-specific Rd and Msf Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing limitations in existing ‘simplified’ liquefaction triggering evaluation procedures: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field

Green

Bommer

Rodríguez-Marek

et al. 2018

Bull Earthquake Eng

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The Groningen gas field is one of the largest in the world and has produced over 2000 billion m 3 of natural gas since the start of production in 1963. The first earthquakes linked to gas production in the Groningen field occurred in 1991, with the largest event to date being a local magnitude (ML) 3.6. As a result, the field operator is leading an effort to quantify the seismic hazard and risk resulting from the gas production operations, including the assessment of liquefaction hazard. However, due to the unique characteristics of both the seismic hazard and the geological subsurface, particularly the unconsolidated sediments, direct application of existing liquefaction evaluation procedures is deemed inappropriate in Groningen. Specifically, the depthstress reduction factor (rd) and the Magnitude Scaling Factor (MSF) relationships inherent to existing variants of the simplified liquefaction evaluation procedure are considered unsuitable for use. Accordingly, efforts have first focused on developing a framework for evaluating the liquefaction potential of the region for moment magnitudes (M) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The limitations of existing liquefaction procedures for use in Groningen and the path being followed to overcome these shortcomings are presented in detail herein.

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“…The stregth of an earthquake shaking is described in units of moment magnitude (Mw). Soil liquefaction can occur starting on an earthquake magnitude scale of 4.5 Mw in swampy areas or river borders and 5.0 Mw at suitable locations for residential areas, with the condition that peak acceleration in bedrock > 1.5 g [12]. While in the zone of moderate liquefaction susceptibility, it can experience an impact starting in an earthquake with a magnitude moment of 6 Mw.…”

Section: Exposure Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure and loss assessment of soil liquefaction in coastal area of Kulon Progo, Indonesia

2020

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Soil Liquefaction is a phenomenon of loss of strength of the granural soil layers due to increased pore water stress caused by earthquake shocks. Soil liquefaction can cause material and life damage if occurs in the developed area. Kulon Progo Regency based on the Atlas of Liquefaction Susceptibility Zones in 2019, has high susceptibility zones, which has the potential for flow liquefaction, lateral spreading, vertical displacement, and sand boil. This study aims to assess the exposure and loss index in liquefaction hazard zone based on the characteristics of land use and social demographic. The exposure index is obtained from overlaying between susceptibility map and liquefaction exposure variables, when the loss assessment is done by simulating the losses in several earthquake moment magnitude scenarios. Study results show that high exposure surrounding the residential zone in the south of the Wates Urban Area and the construction location of the Yogyakarta International Airport. There are settlement areas potentially affected by lateral spreading in Glagah, Karangwuni, Banaran, and Karangsewu Villages. While the results of the loss assessment show that transport infrastructure and residential buildings are the most affected objects when liquefaction phenomena occur due to the earthquake. Managing the expansion of settlement area through zoning regulation and technical engineering approach is needed to reduce losses due to future liquefaction phenomenon.

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What is the Smallest Earthquake Magnitude that Needs to be Considered in Assessing Liquefaction Hazard?

Cited by 56 publications

References 61 publications

A database of damaging small-to-medium magnitude earthquakes

A database of damaging small-to-medium magnitude earthquakes

Addressing limitations in existing ‘simplified’ liquefaction triggering evaluation procedures: application to induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field

Exposure and loss assessment of soil liquefaction in coastal area of Kulon Progo, Indonesia

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