“…This method offers several advantages, including low running costs, adaptability to various feedstock or conditions, and the lack of need for sterilization. However, toxicants present in organic wastes, such as antibiotics, metal ions, nanoparticles, and microplastic fibers, may hinder the overall performance of AD (Mu and Chen, 2011 ; Hart et al, 2022 ; Tang et al, 2023 ).…”