What Is the Relationship between Pain and Emotion? Bridging Constructs and Communities

Gilam, Gadi; Gross, James J.; Wager, Tor D.; Keefe, Francis J.; Mackey, Sean

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.024

Cited by 88 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For example, it could reflect latent activity in spinal central pattern generators (although evidence for unconscious activity in these circuits has yet to be introduced to the literature). Alternatively, it could play a role in mediating inattentive physiological processes, qualitatively analogous to the default mode (or task-negative) network in the brain ( Fox et al, 2005 ; Greicius et al, 2003 ; Raichle et al, 2001 ) or interoceptive networks ( Damasio and Carvalho, 2013 ; Gilam et al, 2020 ; Sternson, 2020 ). However, it is difficult to extrapolate our results to these latter two constructs because we interrogated rather granular connectivity within a single spinal segment and did not directly consider transmission between spinal and supraspinal centers or sympathetic outflow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

McPherson

Bandres

2021

eLife

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Non-random functional connectivity during unconsciousness is a defining feature of supraspinal networks. However, its generalizability to intrinsic spinal networks remains incompletely understood. Previously, Barry et al. (2014) used fMRI to reveal bilateral resting state functional connectivity within sensory-dominant and, separately, motor-dominant regions of the spinal cord. Here, we record spike trains from large populations of spinal interneurons in vivo in rats and demonstrate that spontaneous functional connectivity also links sensory- and motor-dominant regions during unconsciousness. The spatiotemporal patterns of connectivity could not be explained by latent afferent activity or by populations of interconnected neurons spiking randomly. We also document connection latencies compatible with mono- and di-synaptic interactions and putative excitatory and inhibitory connections. The observed activity is consistent with the hypothesis that salient, experience-dependent patterns of neural transmission introduced during behavior or by injury/disease are reactivated during unconsciousness. Such a spinal replay mechanism could shape circuit-level connectivity and ultimately behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

McPherson

Bandres

2021

eLife

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“…For instance, does pain just comprise an emotional component, or do pain and emotion have the same underlying mechanisms, overlapping in such a manner that their distinction is superfluous? [28] Unfortunately, the pain-emotion relationship remains poorly understood on an empirical and theoretical level. Although our results suggest that pain conditioning is equally possible and strong within aversive and neutral affective situations, we doubt if we could induce a truly "neutrally-valenced" context in the presence of painful stimulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Self-report has been the gold standard for assessing the experience of pain [17]. However, selfreport by itself is not a perfect measure, as it is subject to limitations in self-perception, metacognition, and high inter-and intra-person variability [14,28,83]. In this vein, additional measures tracking nociception (i.e., the neural process of encoding noxious stimuli [36,52]) such as the NPS have been deemed welcome additional measures to assess pain [69].…”

Section: Measuring Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroscientific evidence for pain being a classically conditioned response to trauma- and pain-related cues in humans

Lk¹,

Sf²,

Sk³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Psychological trauma is typically accompanied by physical pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often co-occurs with chronic pain. Clinical reports suggest that pain in the aftermath of trauma may be part of a re-experiencing symptomatology. Previously, we demonstrated that classical conditioning can underlie visual re-experiencing since intrusions appear to occur as conditioned responses (CRs) to trauma-related cues. Possibly, classical conditioning also plays a role in re-experiencing of pain. However, this hypothesis has so far remained untested. Sixty-five participants underwent classical conditioning, where painful electrical stimulation and highly aversive film-clips served as unconditioned stimuli (USs) in a 2 (pain/no pain) x 2 (aversive/neutral film) design. Conditioned stimuli (CSs) were neutral pictures depicting contextual details from the films. One day later, participants were re-exposed to CSs during a memory-triggering-task (MTT). Pain-CRs were assessed by self-report and an fMRI-based marker of nociceptive pain, the neurologic pain signature (NPS).During conditioning, pain-signaling CSs elicited more self-reported pain and NPS responses than no-pain-signaling CSs. Self-reported pain-CRs but not NPS CRs recurred 24h later when participants were re-exposed to CSs during MTT. Both during acquisition and MTT, the aversive affective film-context blurred the difference in participants´ pain-reports to pain-signaling and no-pain-signaling CSs.Our data support the hypothesis that pain can emerge as a classically conditioned response. Pain as a CR to pain-signaling cues could represent an instance of pain re-experiencing in PTSD. Possibly, this mechanism may perpetuate pain beyond tissue healing and thereby explain the comorbidity between chronic pain and PTSD.

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“…Alternatively, it could play a role in mediating inattentive physiological processes, qualitatively analogous to the default mode (or tasknegative) network in the brain (Fox et al, 2005;Greicius et al, 2003;Raichle et al, 2001) or interoceptive networks. (Damasio and Carvalho, 2013;Gilam et al, 2020;Sternson, 2020) However, it is difficult to extrapolate our results to these latter two constructs because we interrogated rather granular connectivity within a single spinal segment and did not directly consider transmission between spinal and supraspinal centers or sympathetic outflow. Studies of spinal BOLD signaling may offer additional evidence in support of or against these theories.…”

Section: Possible Function(s) Of Neural Transmission In Intrinsic Spinal Network During Unconsciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

McPherson

Bandres

2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purposeful functional connectivity during unconsciousness is a defining feature of supraspinal networks. However, its generalizability to intrinsic spinal networks remains incompletely understood. Previously, Barry et al. (2014) used fMRI to reveal bilateral resting state functional connectivity within sensory-dominant and, separately, motor-dominant regions of the spinal cord. Here, we record spike trains from large populations of spinal interneurons in vivo and demonstrate that spontaneous functional connectivity also links sensory- and motor-dominant regions during unconsciousness. The spatiotemporal patterns of connectivity could not be explained by latent afferent activity or by populations of interconnected neurons spiking randomly. We also document connection latencies compatible with mono- and di-synaptic interactions and putative excitatory and inhibitory connections. The observed activity is consistent with a network policy in which salient, experience-dependent patterns of neural transmission introduced during behavior or by injury/disease are reactivated during unconsciousness. Such a spinal replay mechanism could shape circuit-level connectivity and ultimately behavior.

show abstract

What Is the Relationship between Pain and Emotion? Bridging Constructs and Communities

Cited by 88 publications

References 11 publications

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

Neuroscientific evidence for pain being a classically conditioned response to trauma- and pain-related cues in humans

Spontaneous neural synchrony links intrinsic spinal sensory and motor networks during unconsciousness

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