“…Professional development (PD) for mathematics teachers in China, especially in Shanghai, has received growing international attention over the last three decades (e.g., Chen, 2020;Paine & Ma, 1993;Sargent & Hannum, 2009;Tucker, 2014;Zhao & Fan, 2022). This is arguably related to the fact that Chinese students, particularly Shanghai students, have demonstrated consistently outstanding performance in large-scale international mathematics assessments such as PISA (e.g., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2016[OECD], , 2019a, and teachers play an essential role in the teaching Extended author information available on the last page of the article 1.…”