What Is the Most Beautiful Facial Proportion in the 21st Century? Comparative Study among Miss Universe, Miss Universe Thailand, Neoclassical Canons, and Facial Golden Ratios

Background: The aim of this study was to summarize the existing literature on the origin of the concept of the divine proportion and its usage in the plastic surgery field. Methods: In PubMed, the search terms [golden ratio AND (plastic surgery OR aesthetic surgery OR face)] were used, resulting in 65 articles. Among them, 15 articles were excluded and 50 abstracts were reviewed, of which 45 were excluded. The remaining 5 full articles and 11 other mined articles were reviewed. Results: No evidence was found that the golden ratio had been used in any architecture or paintings before Pacioli’s Divina proportione ( Divine proportion ) (1509), after which painters begin to use this ratio in their art. Fechner (1876) found that the golden ratio (1:1.618) was more aesthetically pleasing than any other proportion of rectangles. Recently Marquardt invented a facial mask containing decagons and pentagons that embody φ in all dimensions, and claimed that this mask yielded the most beautiful shape of the human face. However, it did not fit the average facial features of northwestern Europeans or their perceptions of ideal femininity. Conclusions: Mathematical regularity can be found in nature and in the human body. However, this does not necessarily mean that a “formula of beauty” exists in mathematics. From the contributions of modern aestheticians, we now know that the so-called “essence of beauty” cannot be derived from the mathematical “formula of beauty” in the object itself. Therefore, it is suggested that beauty is based on biology, rather than on mathematics.

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“…As a result, facial golden ratios were statistically significantly invalid in modern facial proportions of beauty. 14 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As stated in results, golden ratio is still being utilized in mammaplasty, abdominoplasty, and cheek shaping in plastic surgery. 9 – 14 It is also being used in analysis of beauty.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Divine Proportion: Origins and Usage in Plastic Surgery

Hwang

Park

2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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“…They were referenced from ideal, yet ancient, standards of beauty derived from a small group of people and do not represent the majority. 30 Previous anthropometric studies also could not apply most neoclassical canons to the general population. 11,12,31,32 The current population is mostly Caucasian.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neoclassical canons define the ideal face and are used to analyze an attractive face. They were referenced from ideal, yet ancient, standards of beauty derived from a small group of people and do not represent the majority 30 . Previous anthropometric studies also could not apply most neoclassical canons to the general population 11,12,31,32 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Determinants of Postoperative Satisfaction After Rhinoplasty

et al. 2021

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Objectives/Hypothesis: To analyze different variables that influence postrhinoplasty quality of life outcomes to ascertain the determinants of postoperative satisfaction.Study Design: Prospective, observational study.Methods: This was a prospective, observational study where patients were divided into two groups based on the postoperative Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) score: high satisfaction group, when postoperative ROE scores were >50, and low satisfaction group, when postoperative ROE scores were ≤50. Patients' general characteristics, Portuguese version of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE-p) score, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination, nasal angles, and measures from the esthetic facial analysis of postoperative photographs were compared between the groups.Results: Seventy-eight patients were included: 19 in the low satisfaction group and 58 in the high satisfaction group. The median reduction in the NOSE-p score was À45 (interquartile range [IIQ] À20 to À60) (P < .001) in the high satisfaction group and À10 (IIQ À10 to À30) in the low satisfaction group (P = .053). The high satisfaction group had a significantly higher reduction in NOSE-p scores. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the analyzed facial parameters, although a significant difference was found when comparing them with the ones established in the literature as a pattern. Previous rhinoplasty, preoperative crooked nose, and higher NOSE-p scores were significantly associated with lower ROE scores (P < .05) in the robust Poisson regression model.Conclusion: Functional results play an important role in satisfaction after rhinoplasty. Neoclassical canons were not fulfilled even in a group of patients with a high postoperative satisfaction evaluation.

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“…3 Research, however, has shown that the divine proportion is unlikely to have any significant impact on our perception of beauty. 13,14 Other facial proportions have been defined as well, such as the equal horizontal thirds and the equal vertical fifths, which divide the face in equal parts. 3,14 The equality of these parts and the proportions of the craniofacial features each part contains are said to contribute to the facial esthetics of an individual.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Perception of Esthetic Importance of Craniofacial Elements

Cruchten

Feijen

Hulst

2021

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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The human face is an important human structure, often judged by its esthetics. It serves great purpose, as it is and always has been involved in both cultural matters, such as art, as well as biological matters, such as exhibition of emotion and mate selection. Throughout history, there have been multiple studies on what makes a face attractive. Despite the myriad ways in which the face has been explored academically, there has been a lack of reports on which craniofacial elements are deemed the most important for attractiveness subjectively. To fill up this gap on the perception of the esthetics of the human face, as well as to provide a contemporary view on the matter, this research was conducted. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire with a visual analogue scale for each craniofacial element and questions about appearance satisfaction. A total of 299 participants were enrolled in this study. Eyes, hair and teeth were deemed to be the most important craniofacial elements for attractiveness. Women scored teeth, hair, and eyebrows significantly higher than men, men scored higher in satisfaction with their own appearance than women. Older people, married people and people in a relationship care less about the opinion of others regarding their appearance. The results from this study can be used to identify a focus in the future development of esthetically related matters, such as plastic surgery or art and will add to the academic knowledge on the perception of craniofacial beauty.

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What Is the Most Beautiful Facial Proportion in the 21st Century? Comparative Study among Miss Universe, Miss Universe Thailand, Neoclassical Canons, and Facial Golden Ratios

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

The Divine Proportion: Origins and Usage in Plastic Surgery

The Divine Proportion: Origins and Usage in Plastic Surgery

Analysis of Determinants of Postoperative Satisfaction After Rhinoplasty

The Perception of Esthetic Importance of Craniofacial Elements

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