What is the impact and efficacy of routine immunological, biochemical and hematological biomarkers as predictors of COVID-19 mortality?

Abstract

It remains important to investigate the changing and impact of routine blood values (RBVs) in order to predict mortality and follow an appropriate treatment in COVID-19 patients. In the study, the importance of RBVs in the mortality of patients with COVID-19 was investigated. The changes in the biochemical, hematological, and immunological parameters of patients who recovered (n = 4364) and died (n = 233) from COVID-19 over time and their relationship with the mortality of the disease were evaluated retrospectively. Odds ratios of the parameters affecting one-month mortality were calculated by running multiple-logistic-regression analysis. The cut off values and diagnostic efficiencies of the parameters that posed a risk for mortality were obtained via receiver operating curve analysis. It was determined that the C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, procalcitonin, erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate (ESR), troponin values were at abnormal levels until death occurred in the patients who died. In addition, the procalcitonin levels were consistently high in patients who died. The patients who died generally had a sustained increase in their leukocyte and neutrophil levels and biochemical variables, and an ongoing decrease in lymphopenia and eosinopenia levels. Although significant changes were observed in liver function tests, cardiac troponin, hemogram values, kidney function tests and parameters related to inflammation in deceased patients, high ESR, international-normalized-ratio (INR), prothrombin-time (PT), CRP, D-dimer, ferritin and red-cell-distribution width (RDW) values, respectively, were the most effective predictive mortality risk biomarkers of COVID-19. In addition, neutrophilia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, erythrocytopenia were other risk predictors of mortality. Indicators was found in this study can be successfully used to predict mortality from COVID-19.

Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19 Disease Using Routine Blood Values and LogNNet Neural Network

“…The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in 2019, has rapidly affected the world and caused a pandemic [1,2]. The disease, identified as coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19), can cause severe pneumonia and fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [3][4][5][6]. While the disease may be asymptomatic, severe ARDS is thought to be caused by an inflammatory cytokine storm that may be encountered during the disease period [6,7].…”

“…The disease, identified as coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19), can cause severe pneumonia and fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [3][4][5][6]. While the disease may be asymptomatic, severe ARDS is thought to be caused by an inflammatory cytokine storm that may be encountered during the disease period [6,7]. The pathogen can cause a serious respiratory disorder that requires special intervention in intensive care units (ICUs) and, in some cases, may cause death [6,7].…”

“…While the disease may be asymptomatic, severe ARDS is thought to be caused by an inflammatory cytokine storm that may be encountered during the disease period [6,7]. The pathogen can cause a serious respiratory disorder that requires special intervention in intensive care units (ICUs) and, in some cases, may cause death [6,7]. Moreover, the symptoms of COVID-19 induced by the new SARS-CoV-2 are difficult to distinguish from known infections in the majority of patients [6,8,9].…”

“…The pathogen can cause a serious respiratory disorder that requires special intervention in intensive care units (ICUs) and, in some cases, may cause death [6,7]. Moreover, the symptoms of COVID-19 induced by the new SARS-CoV-2 are difficult to distinguish from known infections in the majority of patients [6,8,9].…”

Do Circulating Histones Represent the Missing Link among COVID-19 Infection and Multiorgan Injuries, Microvascular Coagulopathy and Systemic Hyperinflammation?

“…Recent exhaustive meta-analyses and critical literature reviews of hematologic, biochemical, and immunological biomarkers abnormalities associated with COVID-19 [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ] revealed some paradigmatic patterns of laboratory biomarkers in patients with severe or fatal COVID-19, thus highlighting the role and function of well-known plasma biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponins, C-reactive protein, cytokines and a plethora of metabolites), but also focusing attention on the pivotal role of excessive NET formation during COVID-19 progression, a process significantly contributing to the immuno-thrombotic state.…”