What Is the Current Direction of the Research on Carotenoids and Human Health? An Overview of Registered Clinical Trials

Martini, Daniela; Negrini, Letizia; Marino, Mirko; Riso, Patrizia; Bò, Cristian Del; Porrini, Marisa

doi:10.3390/nu14061191

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Carotenoids represent 40-carbon molecules found in red, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables but also in some animal products (i.e., eggs and fish), which are widely distributed in nature. They have diverse biological functions, acting as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents [ 164 ]. Thus, lycopene and astaxanthin are strong antioxidants that decrease the risk of both cancer and cardiovascular diseases [ 139 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Immunometabolism

et al. 2023

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Nutraceuticals act as cellular and functional modulators, contributing to the homeostasis of physiological processes. In an inflammatory microenvironment, these functional foods can interact with the immune system by modulating or balancing the exacerbated proinflammatory response. In this process, immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), identify danger signals and, after interacting with T lymphocytes, induce a specific effector response. Moreover, this conditions their change of state with phenotypical and functional modifications from the resting state to the activated and effector state, supposing an increase in their energy requirements that affect their intracellular metabolism, with each immune cell showing a unique metabolic signature. Thus, nutraceuticals, such as polyphenols, vitamins, fatty acids, and sulforaphane, represent an active option to use therapeutically for health or the prevention of different pathologies, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. To regulate the inflammation associated with these pathologies, intervention in metabolic pathways through the modulation of metabolic energy with nutraceuticals is an attractive strategy that allows inducing important changes in cellular properties. Thus, we provide an overview of the link between metabolism, immune function, and nutraceuticals in chronic inflammatory processes associated with obesity and diabetes, paying particular attention to nutritional effects on APC and T cell immunometabolism, as well as the mechanisms required in the change in energetic pathways involved after their activation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Immunometabolism

et al. 2023

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“…Furthermore, we demonstrated that the protective effects of BCX could be a result of the actions of BCX rather than its enzymatic cleavage metabolites of BCO1/BCO2. However, future human intervention studies are needed to identify role of BCO1/BCO2 genotypes in lung cancer development and establish dietary recommendations for carotenoids [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Cryptoxanthin Attenuates Cigarette-Smoke-Induced Lung Lesions in the Absence of Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes (BCO1/BCO2) in Mice

Chiaverelli

et al. 2023

Molecules

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High dietary intake of β-cryptoxanthin (BCX, an oxygenated provitamin A carotenoid) is associated with a lower risk of lung disease in smokers. BCX can be cleaved by β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase (BCO1) and β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase (BCO2) to produce retinol and apo-10′-carotenoids. We investigated whether BCX has protective effects against cigarette smoke (CS)-induced lung injury, dependent or independent of BCO1/BCO2 and their metabolites. Both BCO1−/−/BCO2−/− double knockout mice (DKO) and wild type (WT) littermates were supplemented with BCX 14 days and then exposed to CS for an additional 14 days. CS exposure significantly induced macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissues of mice, regardless of genotypes, compared to the non-exposed littermates. BCX treatment significantly inhibited CS-induced inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperplasia in the bronchial epithelium, and enlarged alveolar airspaces in both WT and DKO mice, regardless of sex. The protective effects of BCX were associated with lower expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. BCX treatment led to a significant increase in hepatic BCX levels in DKO mice, but not in WT mice, which had significant increase in hepatic retinol concentration. No apo-10′-carotenoids were detected in any of the groups. In vitro BCX, at comparable doses of 3-OH-β-apo-10′-carotenal, was effective at inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in a human bronchial epithelial cell line. These data indicate that BCX can serve as an effective protective agent against CS-induced lung lesions in the absence of carotenoid cleavage enzymes.

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“…Among the approximately 850 types of naturally occurring carotenoids, very few of them are present in human tissues. Among these it is important to mention lutein and its stereoisomers, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin, present in the human retina [ 67 ]. It is a class of a carotenoid, named xanthophyll, that cannot be synthesized de novo in the human body, and are absorbed only through diet.…”

Section: Role Of Antioxidants and Nutraceuticals In Maintaining Eye H...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Properties of Natural Nutraceuticals and Antioxidants in Age-Related Eye Disorders

Maiuolo

Bulotta

Oppedisano

et al. 2022

Life

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Eye health is crucial, and the onset of diseases can reduce vision and affect the quality of life of patients. The main causes of progressive and irreversible vision loss include various pathologies, such as cataracts, ocular atrophy, corneal opacity, age-related macular degeneration, uncorrected refractive error, posterior capsular opacification, uveitis, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, undetermined disease and other disorders involving oxidative stress and inflammation. The eyes are constantly exposed to the external environment and, for this reason, must be protected from damage from the outside. Many drugs, including cortisonics and antinflammatory drugs have widely been used to counteract eye disorders. However, recent advances have been obtained via supplementation with natural antioxidants and nutraceuticals for patients. In particular, evidence has accumulated that polyphenols (mostly deriving from Citrus Bergamia) represent a reliable source of antioxidants able to counteract oxidative stress accompanying early stages of eye diseases. Luteolin in particular has been found to protect photoreceptors, thereby improving vision in many disease states. Moreover, a consistent anti-inflammatory response was found to occur when curcumin is used alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals. Additionally, Coenzyme Q10 has been demonstrated to produce a consistent effect in reducing ocular pressure, thereby leading to protection in patients undergoing glaucoma. Finally, both grape seed extract, rich in anthocyanosides, and polynsatured fatty acids seem to contribute to the prevention of retinal disorders. Thus, a combination of nutraceuticals and antioxidants may represent the right solution for a multi-action activity in eye protection, in association with current drug therapies, and this will be of potential interest in early stages of eye disorders.

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What Is the Current Direction of the Research on Carotenoids and Human Health? An Overview of Registered Clinical Trials

Cited by 25 publications

References 54 publications

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Immunometabolism

Nutraceuticals as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Immunometabolism

β-Cryptoxanthin Attenuates Cigarette-Smoke-Induced Lung Lesions in the Absence of Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes (BCO1/BCO2) in Mice

Potential Properties of Natural Nutraceuticals and Antioxidants in Age-Related Eye Disorders

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