What Is the Arrhythmic Substrate in Viral Myocarditis? Insights from Clinical and Animal Studies

Tse, Gary; Yeo, Jie Ming; Chan, Yawen; Lai, Eric; Yan, Bryan P.

doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00308

Cited by 66 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…There is no single ideal animal model for studying a particular clinical condition [173–175]. The general criteria for an appropriate animal model lies are the size, docility, ease of breeding and housing, known genetic profile, analogies with humans and the costs involved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances

et al. 2017

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Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances

et al. 2017

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“…Patients with persistent VM have poor prognosis, with an average 5-year survival rate of about 50%. Persistent chronic inflammation can lead to myocardial cell necrosis, myocardial hypertrophy and cell apoptosis, which can lead to myocardial fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and heart failure (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA‑381 protects myocardial cell function in children and mice with viral myocarditis via targeting cyclooxygenase‑2 expression

Zhang

Sun

et al. 2018

Exp Ther Med

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Abstract. The present study aimed to determine the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microRNA (miRNA/miR)-381 in the blood of children with viral myocarditis (VM), and investigate the association between COX-2 and miR-381 in the occurrence and development of the disease using a mouse model. A total of 26 children with VM (15 boys and 11 girls) were included in the present study. Peripheral blood was collected from all children. The mouse model of VM was constructed by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Peripheral blood and myocardial tissues were collected from all mice for analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of COX-2 mRNA and miR-381 in serum and myocardial tissues. ELISA was used to measure the content of COX-2 protein in serum from humans and mice, and western blotting was employed to determine the expression of COX-2 protein in myocardial tissues from mice. Contents of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were evaluated using an automatic biochemical analyzer. A dual luciferase assay was conducted to identify interactions between COX-2 mRNA and miR-381. Children with VM had increased COX-2 levels and decreased miR-381 expression in peripheral blood, compared with those who had recovered from VM. CVB3 infection resulted in damage in the myocardium of mice, and elevated CK-MB and LDH contents. VM model mice exhibited increased COX-2 levels and decreased miR-381 expression in peripheral blood and myocardial tissues compared with normal mice. miR-381 binds to the 3'-untranslated seed regions of both human and mouse COX-2 mRNA to regulate their expression. The present study demonstrated that children with VM have decreased miR-381 expression and elevated COX-2 expression in peripheral blood. miR-381 may inhibit myocardial cell damage caused by CVB3 infection and protect myocardial cell function by targeting COX-2 expression. IntroductionThe incidence of viral myocarditis (VM) is gradually increased in recent years, and attracts the attention of more and more scholars (1). Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the most common viruses that cause VM (2). VM can develop into acute heart failure (3,4). According to available clinical studies, the mortality rate of VM in young people is as high as 21%, and sudden deaths caused by VM or fatal ventricular arrhythmias in children account for about 20% (5,6). However, there have been few effective therapies for VM by now. Current treatment for VM is still focused on the control of cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the molecular mechanism of VM.VM is a common infectious disease in pediatric clinical practice. It is caused by viral infection or disturbance of autoimmune system, and characterized by localized or diffuse acute or chronic inflammatory lesions of the myocardium (1,7). In inflammation, cyclooxygenase (COX), especially COX-2 in the COX family, plays an important role. COX-2 is produced after induction by external stimuli (physical...

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“…Experiments in pre-clinical models have advanced understanding of the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying arrhythmogenesis using genetic and pharmacological approaches (1–24). Experiments in mouse models have highlighted the role of gap junctions in ventricular conduction and arrhythmogenesis, however the results have been controversial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gap junction inhibition by heptanol increases ventricular arrhythmogenicity by reducing conduction velocity without affecting repolarization properties or myocardial refractoriness in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts

Tse

Yeo

Tse

et al. 2016

Molecular Medicine Reports

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In the current study, arrhythmogenic effects of the gap junction inhibitor heptanol (0.05 mM) were examined in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts. Monophasic action potential recordings were obtained from the left ventricular epicardium during right ventricular pacing. Regular activity was observed both prior and subsequent to application of heptanol in all of the 12 hearts studied during 8 Hz pacing. By contrast, induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) was observed after heptanol treatment in 6/12 hearts using a S1S2 protocol (Fisher's exact test; P<0.05). The arrhythmogenic effects of heptanol were associated with increased activation latencies from 13.2±0.6 to 19.4±1.3 msec (analysis of variance; P<0.001) and reduced conduction velocities (CVs) from 0.23±0.01 to 0.16±0.01 msec (analysis of variance; P<0.001) in an absence of alterations in action potential durations (ADPs) at x=90% (38.0±1.0 vs. 38.3±1.8 msec), 70% (16.8±1.0 vs. 19.5±0.9 msec), 50% (9.2±0.8 vs. 10.1±0.6 msec) or 30% (4.8±0.5 vs. 6.3±0.6 msec) repolarization (APDx) or in effective refractory period (ERPs) (39.6±1.9 vs. 40.6±3.0 msec) (all P>0.05). Consequently, excitation wavelengths (λ; CV × ERP) were reduced from 9.1±0.6 to 6.5±0.6 mm (P<0.01), however critical intervals for re-excitation (APD90- ERP) were unaltered (−1.1±2.4 vs. −2.3±1.8 msec; P>0.05). Together, these observations demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that inhibition of gap junctions alone using a low heptanol concentration (0.05 mM) was able to reduce CV, which alone was sufficient to permit the induction of VT using premature stimulation by reducing λ, which therefore appears central in the determination of arrhythmic tendency.

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What Is the Arrhythmic Substrate in Viral Myocarditis? Insights from Clinical and Animal Studies

Cited by 66 publications

References 147 publications

Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances

Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances

MicroRNA‑381 protects myocardial cell function in children and mice with viral myocarditis via targeting cyclooxygenase‑2 expression

Gap junction inhibition by heptanol increases ventricular arrhythmogenicity by reducing conduction velocity without affecting repolarization properties or myocardial refractoriness in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts

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