What is really in control of skin immunity: lymphocytes, dendritic cells, or keratinocytes? facts and controversies

Parenteral Vaccine Administration: Tried and True

“…However, DCs in the skin, peritoneum, lung, muscles and secondary lymphatic organs have different potentials in priming immune responses and generating immunity (Everson et al 1996 ). Moreover, DCs may receive highly variable tissue-dependent bystander signals from neighbouring cells for activation, migration and maturation (Rupec et al 2010 ;Schroder et al 2006 ). Within heterogeneous tissues, such as the skin, thorough knowledge of the structural differences between the epidermis, dermis and the subcutaneous layers are important for the decision whether to administer a vaccine to one of these sites (Azzi et al 2005 ).…”

Innate immunity, allergy and atopic dermatitis

“…Subsequently, it is proteolytically degraded into amino acids, which are further deaminated into polycarboxylic acids, such as pyrrolidine carboxylic acids and transurocanic acid. These metabolites act as osmolytes, drawing water into corneocytes, thereby accounting in large part for corneocyte hydration [40]. A highly significant association between FLG mutations and the risk of early onset, severe, persistent atopic dermatitis and an increased risk for asthma has been shown in several studies [41 ].…”

“…It is also known that S. aureus itself stimulates the hydrolysis of ceramides by secretion of ceramidase in atopic dermatitis skin. Acidic metabolites resulting from FLG proteolysis increase serine protease activity that in turn may lead to the generation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1a and IL-b from their proforms [40].…”

Derinin doğal bağışıklık sistemi

“…Bu bariyerler antimikrobiyal maddeler, antioksidanlar, inflamatuvar mediatörler, UV absorbe eden moleküller ve ksenobiotik metabolize edici enzimleri içerir 4 . Atopik dermatit hastalarında filagrin gen mutasyonları ve derinin bariyer fonksiyonunda bozukluklar saptanmıştır 5,6 . Akne vulgaris, atopik dermatit ve psoriazis gibi pek çok cilt hastalığında bozulmuş biyoaktif lipid metabolizmasının rol oynayabileceği öne sürülmüştür 7 .…”