What is R2 all about?

Filho, Dalson Britto Figueiredo; Júnior, José Alexandre Silva; Rocha, Enivaldo Carvalho da

doi:10.11606/issn.2237-4485.lev.2011.132282

Cited by 77 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Finally, although the reported pattern of associations between stressor types and measures of distress are significant, the explained variance regarding some scales were small, particularly for insomnia (R 2 = .024, p < .001). However, significant associations with a low R 2 in a large sample, as in our current study, can still provide important information on data trends particularly when studying psychological phenomena (Figueiredo Filho, Júnior, & Rocha, 2011). In addition, the current results are comparable to previous findings (Shea et al, 2017;Stein et al, 2012), which also indicate that the associations between our predictors and response variables are valid.…”

Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan

Nordstrand

Bøe

Holen

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Objective: This study aimed to explore how exposure to danger-based and non-dangerbased stressors may influence personal changes in veterans (N = 4053) after deployment to Afghanistan. Method: Twelve war zone related traumatic events were used to form two stressor categories. The non-danger-based category included two stressor types: Moral Challenges and Witnessing, and the danger-based category included one type: Personal Threat. Thus, three stressor types were explored in relation to self-reported personal changes after war zone stressor exposure, e.g. negative changes labelled posttraumatic deprecation, positive changes labelled posttraumatic growth or no major change. Furthermore, the relationship between the stressor types and reported levels of distress were explored. Results: The two non-danger-based stressor types, Moral Challenges (p < .001) and Witnessing (p < .001), were both significantly more associated with deprecation rather than growth, when compared to Personal Threat. Moreover, the non-danger-based stressors were significantly associated with a rise in posttraumatic stress symptoms, as well as a rise in symptoms of depression, anxiety and insomnia (p < .001). In contrast, exposure to the danger-based stressor was only significantly associated with a rise in the posttraumatic stress symptoms in the current model (p < .001). Reports of no-change were significantly associated with low degrees of exposure to all the three stressor types (p < .001). Conclusion: The current study highlights the special adverse effects of non-danger-based stressors. Our findings show that they are more associated with posttraumatic deprecation rather than with growth. This underscores the heterogeneity of responses to traumatic events and adds to the current knowledge about the impact of various stressor types.

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Section: Limitationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan

Nordstrand

Bøe

Holen

et al. 2019

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…R 2 values of Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 were more than 0.8, meaning that the models of the actual values were similar to the statistical models [33]. In addition, the difference between the R 2 and adjusted R 2 of all responses was less than 0.2, which could be interpreted as a good fit between the model of the actual values and the model of the predicted values [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Design and Evaluation of Ticagrelor-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhancing Bioavailability and Antiplatelet Activity

Son

Huh

et al. 2019

Pharmaceutics

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Ticagrelor (TGL), a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, is classified as biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug due to its poor solubility and permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are an efficient delivery system for the improvement of bioavailability of BCS class IV drugs. Hence, we prepared TGL-loaded NLC (TGL-NLC) to enhance the oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity of TGL with a systemic design approach. The optimized TGL-NLC with Box–Behnken design showed a small particle size of 87.6 nm and high encapsulation efficiency of 92.1%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) were performed to investigate the characteristics of TGL-NLC. Furthermore, TGL-NLC exhibited biocompatible cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells. Cellular uptake of TGL-NLC was 1.56-fold higher than that of raw TGL on Caco-2 cells. In pharmacokinetic study, the oral bioavailability of TGL-NLC was 254.99% higher than that of raw TGL. In addition, pharmacodynamic study demonstrated that the antiplatelet activity of TGL-NLC was superior to that of raw TGL, based on enhanced bioavailability of TGL-NLC. These results suggest that TGL-NLC can be applied for efficient oral absorption and antiplatelet activity of TGL.

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“…A similar value for R 2 and adjusted R 2 has been reported to be an appropriate goodness-of-fit indicator. 36 The relationship between the factors was schematically illustrated in three-dimensional response surface plots and coefficient equations (Figure 3 and Table S2, supplementary materials). As shown in Figure 3 and Table S3 (supplementary materials), the solubility of TCG in SMEDDS (Y 1 ) ranged from 126.51 to 330.59 mg/mL and the precipitation of TCG (Y 2 ) ranged from 0.2% to 67.7% ( Figure 3A and B).…”

Section: Design Of Experiments For Optimizing Tcg-smmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Strategic approach to developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to enhance antiplatelet activity and bioavailability of ticagrelor</p>

Na¹,

Byeon²,

Wang³

et al. 2019

IJN

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co. ltd., sejong, republic of Korea; 3 sama Pharmaceutical co. ltd., suwon, republic of Korea Background: Ticagrelor (TCG) is used to inhibit platelet aggregation in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but its poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its in vivo efficacy. The purpose of this study was to manufacture an optimized TCG-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to enhance the oral bioavailability and antiplatelet activity of TCG. Materials and methods: Solubility and emulsification tests were conducted to determine the most suitable oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants. Scheffé's mixture design was applied to optimize the percentage of each component applied in the SMEDDS formulation to achieve optimal physical characteristics, ie, high solubility of TCG in SMEDDS, small droplet size, low precipitation, and high transmittance. Results: The optimized TCG-loaded SMEDDS (TCG-SM) formulation composed of 10.0% Capmul MCM (oil), 53.8% Cremophor EL (surfactant), and 36.2% Transcutol P (cosurfactant) significantly improving the dissolution of TCG in various media compared with TCG in Brilinta ® (commercial product). TCG-SM exhibited higher cellular uptake and permeability in Caco-2 cells than raw TCG suspension. In pharmacokinetic studies in rats, TCG-SM exhibited higher oral bioavailability with 5.7 and 6.4 times higher area under the concentration-time curve and maximum plasma concentration, respectively, than a raw TCG suspension. Antiplatelet activity studies exhibited that the TCG-SM formulation showed significantly improved inhibition of platelet aggregation compared with raw TCG at the same dose of TCG. And, a 10 mg/kg dose of raw TCG suspension and a 5 mg/kg dose of TCG-SM had a similar area under the inhibitory curve (907.0%±408.8% and 907.8%±200.5%⋅hours, respectively) for antiplatelet activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that the developed TCG-SM could be successfully used as an efficient method to achieve the enhanced antiplatelet activity and bioavailability of TCG.

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What is R2 all about?

Cited by 77 publications

References 21 publications

Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan

Danger- and non-danger-based stressors and their relations to posttraumatic deprecation or growth in Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan

Systemic Design and Evaluation of Ticagrelor-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhancing Bioavailability and Antiplatelet Activity

<p>Strategic approach to developing a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to enhance antiplatelet activity and bioavailability of ticagrelor</p>

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