What is parental care?

Smiseth, Per T.; Kölliker, Mathias; Royle, Nick J.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0001

Cited by 224 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Once a relationship was established we fitted a lineal model to find which type of excreta 177 better predicted offspring biomass by comparing the estimated regression coefficients. Analysis (Tallamy & Wood, 1986;Mori & Chiba, 2009;Smiseth et al 2012). Pontoscolex corethrurus 222 constructed chambers or nests similar to those recorded in previous studies (Ortiz -Ceballos & 223 Fragoso 2006;Ortiz-Ceballos et al, 2009;Bunch et al, 2011).…”

supporting

confidence: 74%

“…Most animals, including the majority of invertebrates, do not provide any form of care for 51 their offspring (Smiseth et al 2012). However, some animals make an effort to increase the 52 survival rate of their progeny by protecting them from predators, lack of food, desiccation and 53 other biotic and abiotic threats (Clutton-Brock, 1991;Smiseth et al 2012;Furuichi & Kasuya, 54 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Parental care has been widely studied in avian and mammal species but is also prevalent 60 in certain insects, such as water bugs and dung beetles (Jeanne, 1996;Munguía-Steyer & 61 Macías-Ordoñez, 2007;Trumbo, 2012;Smiseth et al 2012). Rigorous, dangerous and 62 competitive environments are conducive to the incidence of parental care (Mori & Chiba 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…One simple form of parental care is to bury eggs in a substrate (Smiseth et al 2012). For 227 example, L. terrestris, covers its eggs with its own excreta (Ramisch & Graff 1985;228 Grigoropoulou et al, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the cocoons within the nest are suspended from 249 a transparent layer of mucus . This is probably associated with 250 sanitation (antimicrobial properties), and can be found in epigeic earthworms (Eisenia foetida), 251 beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis and Nicrophorus vespilloides), hyperiid amphipods (genus 252 Phronima), the European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum), ants and termites (Currie, 2001;253 Kaltenpoth et al, 2005;Muller et al, 2005;Hirose et al, 2005;Aruna et al, 2008;Rozen et al, 254 2008;Scott et al, 2008;Smiseth et al 2012).…”

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Nest construction is a common form of parental care in soil organisms. However, it is unknown whether the tropical earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus selects sites for nest construction when the nutritional quality of the soil is irregular. Here we studied the reproductive behaviour and nest site selection of P. corethrurus. In tridimensional terrariums we evaluated the combined effect of the food quality (soil only = S, soil+grass = G, soil+legume = L) and soil depth (0-9 cm = Shallow, 10-18 cm = Intermediate, 19-27 cm = Deep) in a factorial 32 design. The number and biomass of cocoons, progeny and the production of internal and external excreta were evaluated. The nutritional quality and depth of soil and their interaction had a significant effect on nest site construction and the deposition of internal excreta. P. corethrurus built a higher amount of nests in the SIntermediate and G-Intermediate treatments while more internal excreta were found in the L-Intermediate treatment. Offspring biomass was positively associated with internal excreta in the S (soil only) and G (soil + grass) treatments. We conclude that P. corethrurus shows parental care when selecting sites for its offspring in the form of nest construction and excreta deposition. Further research is needed on the ecological conditions that favour the evolution of parental care in earthworms according to their ecological category (anecic, endogeic and anecic). -----------------------

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Parental Care and Investment

Fromhage

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Parental care is common throughout the animal kingdom, and much variation exists among species in how, and how much, parents care for their offspring. In most species, females care more; in others, males care more and in some, caring is more or less equally shared between the sexes. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain patterns of parental care within and among species. These hypotheses invoke factors such as the relatedness (parentage certainty) of each parent to the brood; the sex ratio at maturation; the strength of sexual selection faced by each sex and the exact nature of any trade‐offs between caring and other activities. Work is still ongoing to develop an overarching hypothesis to explain the various patterns observed. Key Concepts Among species there is much variation in how, and how much, parents care for their offspring. Differences between the sexes in parental care can evolve if one sex has more to gain and/or less to lose by providing care. Coevolution between parental care and sexually selected traits may amplify small initial sex differences in caring over time. Individual decisions on the optimal parental investment can lead to conflict between parents, as well as between parents and offspring. In some species, care of the offspring is not the exclusive responsibility of the parents but is shared among members of a group, termed cooperative breeding. In other species, adults sometimes take care of unrelated offspring, either willingly (as in adoptions) or unwillingly (as in brood parasitism). Within species, parents sometimes adjust the amount of investment in offspring based on cues from their partner or from the offspring themselves.

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Nature and Nurture in Parental Care

Royle

Moore

2019

Genes and Behaviour

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What is parental care?

Cited by 224 publications

References 79 publications

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Parental Care and Investment

Nature and Nurture in Parental Care

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