What is new in diesel

Bunn, William B.; Valberg, Peter A.; Slavin, Thomas J.; Lapin, Charles A.

doi:10.1007/s00420-002-0342-4

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, these are not yet suitable for application in epidemiological and exposure studies because of the extensive number of samples and low air volume of the samples typical in these studies (Schauer, 2003). Regulation of emissions has decreased emission levels (Bunn, et al, 2002; Laden, et al, 2006), yet the use of diesel engines has increased. However, not enough exposure data were available to assess the effect of these changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Pronk

Coble

Stewart

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

191

151

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Diesel exhaust (DE) is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Aims were to describe the major occupational uses of diesel engines and give an overview of personal DE exposure levels and determinants of exposure as reported in the published literature. Measurements representative of personal DE exposure were abstracted from the literature for the following agents: elemental carbon (EC), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Information on determinants of exposure was abstracted. In total, 3528 EC, 4166 PM, 581 CO, 322 NO, and 1404 NO 2 measurements were abstracted. From the 10,001 measurements, 32% represented exposure from on-road vehicles and 68% from offroad vehicles (30% mining, 15% railroad, and 22% others). Highest levels were reported for enclosed underground work sites in which heavy equipment is used: mining, mine maintenance, and construction (EC: 27-658 mg/m 3 ). Intermediate exposure levels were generally reported for above-ground (semi-) enclosed areas in which smaller equipment was run: mechanics in a shop, emergency workers in fire stations, distribution workers at a dock, and workers loading/unloading inside a ferry (generally: ECo50 mg/m 3 ). Lowest levels were reported for enclosed areas separated from the source, such as drivers and train crew, or outside, such as surface mining, parking attendants, vehicle testers, utility service workers, surface construction and airline ground personnel (ECo25 mg/m 3 ). The other agents showed a similar pattern. Determinants of exposure reported for enclosed situations were ventilation and exhaust after treatment devices. Reported DE exposure levels were highest for underground mining and construction, intermediate for working in above-ground (semi-) enclosed areas and lowest for working outside or separated from the source. The presented data can be used as a basis for assessing occupational exposure in population-based epidemiological studies and guide future exposure assessment efforts for industrial hygiene and epidemiological studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Pronk

Coble

Stewart

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

191

151

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“…The objective of the surveys was to collect full-shift personal samples to measure REC exposure levels of workers in a cross-section of jobs both underground and on the surface. REC was selected a priori as the primary surrogate of DE since REC is a component of DE that is specific to DE in mining and can be accurately measured over a wide range of ambient concentrations (Birch and Cary, 1996; Bunn et al , 2002; Birch and Noll, 2004). Other components of DE, including respirable organic carbon (ROC), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) also were measured on the same workers during the same work shifts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: II. Exposure Monitoring Surveys and Development of Exposure Groups

Coble

Stewart

Vermeulen

et al. 2010

The Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Air monitoring surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2001 at seven non-metal mining facilities to assess exposure to respirable elemental carbon (REC), a component of diesel exhaust (DE), for an epidemiologic study of miners exposed to DE. Personal exposure measurements were taken on workers in a cross-section of jobs located underground and on the surface. Air samples taken to measure REC were also analyzed for respirable organic carbon (ROC). Concurrent measurements to assess exposure to nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), two gaseous components of DE, were also taken. The REC measurements were used to develop quantitative estimates of average exposure levels by facility, department, and job title for the epidemiologic analysis. Each underground job was assigned to one of three sets of exposure groups from specific to general: (i) standardized job titles, (ii) groups of standardized job titles combined based on the percentage of time in the major underground areas, and (iii) larger groups based on similar area carbon monoxide (CO) air concentrations. Surface jobs were categorized based on their use of diesel equipment and proximity to DE. A total of 779 full-shift personal measurements were taken underground. The average REC exposure levels for underground jobs with five or more measurements ranged from 31 to 58 μg m−3 at the facility with the lowest average exposure levels and from 313 to 488 μg m−3 at the facility with the highest average exposure levels. The average REC exposure levels for surface workers ranged from 2 to 6 μg m−3 across the seven facilities. There was much less contrast in the ROC compared with REC exposure levels measured between surface and underground workers within each facility, as well as across the facilities. The average ROC levels underground ranged from 64 to 195 μg m−3, while on the surface, the average ROC levels ranged from 38 to 71 μg m−3 by facility, an ∼2- to 3-fold difference. The average NO and NO2 levels underground ranged from 0.20 to 1.49 parts per million (ppm) and from 0.10 to 0.60 ppm, respectively, and were ∼10 times higher than levels on the surface, which ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 ppm and from 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, respectively. The ROC, NO, and NO2 concentrations underground were correlated with the REC levels (r = 0.62, 0.71, and 0.62, respectively). A total of 80% of the underground jobs were assigned an exposure estimate based on measurements taken for the specific job title or for other jobs with a similar percentage of time spent in the major underground work areas. The average REC exposure levels by facility were from 15 to 64 times higher underground than on the surface. The large contrast in exposure levels measured underground versus on the surface, along with the differences between the mining facilities and between underground jobs within the facilities resulted in a wide distribution in the exposure estimates for evaluation of exposure–response relationships in the epidemiologic analyses.

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“…These have shown strong associations between the elevated levels of PM and increases in mortality and morbidity (e.g., exacerbation of asthma and other respiratory diseases, lung function decrements, and cardiovascular disease). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Fine particles smaller than 2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) are of the greatest concern owing to their size and transportability in the human body. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that tens of thousands of premature deaths yearly are associated with exposure to excess levels of PM 2.5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation and Comparison of Continuous Fine Particulate Matter Monitors for Measurement of Ambient Aerosols

Zhu

Zhang

Lioy

2007

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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To provide a scientific basis for the selection and use of continuous monitors for exposure and/or health effects studies, and for compliance and episode measurements at strategic locations in the State of New Jersey, we evaluated the performance of seven continuous fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) monitors in the present study. Gravimetric samplers, as reference methods, were collocated with realtime instruments in both laboratory and field tests. The results of intercomparison of real-time monitors showed that the two nephelometers used in this study correlated extremely well (r 2 ϳ0.97), and two tapered element oscillating monitors (TEOM 1400 and TEOM filter dynamics measurement system [FDMS]) correlated well (r 2 Ͼ 0.85), whereas two beta gauges displayed a weaker correlation (r 2 Ͻ 0.6). During a summertime controlled (laboratory) evaluation, the measurements made with the gravimetric method correlated well with the 24-hr integrated measurements made with the real-time monitors. The SidePak nephelometer overestimated the particle concentration by a factor of approximately 3.4 compared with the gravimetric method. During a summertime field evaluation, the TEOM FDMS monitor reported approximately 30% higher mass concentration than the Federal Reference Method (FRM); and the difference could be explained by the loss of semi-volatile materials from the FRM sampler. Results also demonstrated that 24-hr average PM 2.5 mass concentrations measured by beta gauges and TEOM (50°C) in winter correlated well with the integrated gravimetric method. Seasonal differences were observed in the performance of the TEOM (50°C) monitor in measuring the particle mass attributed to the higher semi-volatile material loss in the winter weather. In applying the realtime particulate matter monitoring data into Air Quality Index (AQI) reporting, the Conroy method and the 8-hr end-hour average method were both found to be suitable.

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What is new in diesel

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

Occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust: A literature review

The Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study: II. Exposure Monitoring Surveys and Development of Exposure Groups

Evaluation and Comparison of Continuous Fine Particulate Matter Monitors for Measurement of Ambient Aerosols

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