What is Legal and What is Not: Examining the Relationship between Place Marketing, Place Branding, and Legal Geography in Heterotopias

Culture-Led Place-Making and Heterotopic Brand Building: A Comparative Approach between Ljubljana and Porto

“…However, it must be understood in the dialectical interaction with the local and intrinsic characteristics of each territory, thus leading to a very diverse and heterogeneous range of projects and results (Cinti, 2008;Fainstein & Judd, 1999). Similarly, the different terms that refer to the social construction of the place in relation to the discourse of the artistic activity-place-making, place-branding, or place-marketing, among others-are increasingly linked to alternative communities located outside the law (Kanellopoulou & Ntounis, 2015). Hence, in areas such as Christiania in Denmark, or the Exarchia neighborhood in Athens, the discursive construction of the place is based not only on artistic and cultural activities in a context outside the urban legality in force, or their marked political character, but also through the development of illegal activities within their boundaries (Gržinić, 2007).…”

“…Music is one of the great guidelines that covers the set of activities that take place in Metelkova. Within the 1,500 cultural activities held on average per year (Kanellopoulou & Ntounis, 2015), it is estimated that the place concentrates 40% of concerts held throughout the city (Primorac, 2007). The numerous concerts in the different scenarios cover a varied set of styles and help to self-finance the community.…”