What is known about the health and living conditions of the indigenous people of northern Scandinavia, the Sami?

Abstract

BackgroundThe Sami are the indigenous ethnic population of northern Scandinavia. Their health condition is poorly known, although the knowledge has improved over the last decade.ObjectivesThe aim was to review the current information on mortality, diseases, and risk factor exposure in the Swedish Sami population.DesignHealth-related research on Sami cohorts published in scientific journals and anthologies was used to compare the health condition among the Sami and the majority non-Sami population. When relevant, data from the Sami populations in Swedish were compared with corresponding data from Norwegian and Finnish Sami populations.ResultsLife expectancy and mortality patterns of the Sami are similar to those of the majority population. Small differences in incidences of cancer and cardiovascular diseases have been reported. The traditional Sami lifestyle seems to contain elements that reduce the risk to develop cancer and cardiovascular diseases, e.g. physical activity, diet rich in antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids, and a strong cultural identity. Reindeer herding is an important cultural activity among the Sami and is associated with high risks for accidents. Pain in the lower back, neck, shoulders, elbows, and hands are frequent among both men and women in reindeer-herding families. For men, these symptoms are related to high exposure to terrain vehicles, particularly snowmobile, whereas for women psychosocial risk factors seem to more important, e.g. poor social support, high effort, low reward, and high economical responsibilities.ConclusionsAlthough the health condition of the Sami population appears to be rather similar to that of the general Swedish population, a number of specific health problems have been identified, especially among the reindeer-herding Sami. Most of these problems have their origin in marginalization and poor knowledge of the reindeer husbandry and the Sami culture in the majority population. It is suggested that the most sustainable measure to improve the health among the reindeer-herding Sami would be to improve the conditions of the reindeer husbandry and the Sami culture.

Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

“…Fewer people have physically active jobs, and even farming and reindeer herding are largely reliant on motor-vehicle transport. This transition from a physically-demanding to a more sedentary lifestyle, which has taken place in both Sami and non-Sami populations, may have increased the risk of developing T2DM [35,36]. …”

Sami yoik, Sami history, Sami health: a narrative review

“…Some studies suggest that the similarity in the frequency of lifestyle-related health challenges in Sami and majority population might be a result of assimilation and acculturation, because transition into the culture’s lifestyles may be followed by an increase in the prevalence of related diseases like CVD, diabetes, obesity and cancer [40,43]. Eliassen and colleagues [42] discuss that these diseases may also be understood as caused by chronic stress related to assimilation politics.…”

Current research in transcultural psychiatry in the Nordic countries

“…However, specific problems were found among the reindeer-herding Sami population which originated in their marginalization and corresponding poor knowledge of reindeer husbandry and the Sami culture amongst the majority population (Sjo¨lander, 2011).…”