What is Artificial Intelligence Surgery?

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of ARtificial Intelligence in Emergency and Trauma Surgery, the ARIES Project: An international web-based survey

“…This usually follows an S-shaped curve having 3 phases: 1) the introduction phase, 2) the performance improvement phase, and nally 3) the plateau phase. This is followed by augmentation of its use by replacement of existing standards [3,12,13]. Robotic surgery is an evolution of laparoscopic surgery which has a high magni cation of the 3-dimensional views, reduction or elimination of hand tremors, instruments that articulate to extreme angles, and comfortable ergonomics and platforms [14].…”

Keeping surgeons in the loop: are handheld robotics the best path towards more autonomous actions? (A comparison of complete vs. handheld robotic hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases)

“…Perhaps more importantly, our findings suggest that there is an inherent contradiction between the CRSS and haptics. If the logical ultimate goal of the CRSS is increasing autonomy, is haptics going to ultimately really be that important [27] ?…”

“…Currently, most research now focuses on comparing which MI approach to liver resection is superior, laparoscopic or robotic, with very little research being done on how to increase the number of patients who can actually undergo MI liver resection, with one of the main differences between the two techniques being the lack of haptics during CR surgery. Despite the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the dream of autonomous surgery, it is unclear as to the ultimate value of haptics [27] . CRSS do not offer haptics and robotic surgeons must rely on visual clues.…”

Minimally invasive liver resection in Japan: is the robot necessary?

“…In this respect, RAH has a potential advantage over LH in terms of the ability of surgeons to understand special relationships between anatomical structures and tumors by integrating preoperative and intraoperative imaging information. Applications of augmented reality [23] and artificial intelligence [24] may further promote the development of surgical navigation systems. In addition, application of artificial intelligence in robotic surgery may enable autonomous control of surgical installments like a laparoscope and staplers and provide precision information for accurate surgical decision-making [25] .…”