Since the 16 th Century, seeking approval for one's work has required everything from capturing classic patronage to attaining academic standards. The process of a work's review has ranged widely from having an "insider's track," to seeing one's work rejected for anything but obvious or defensible reasons. What is sought by the academy has always been a method to identify the works that exhibit validity and reliability, perhaps best described as "sound" in design and execution. At its best, peer review is not bound to the status quo, but rather by progress, exhibited either as reaffirmation of an existing thesis, or introduction of a new idea grounded in solid methods and reasoning. However, what drives the individual academic to create may not match the responsibilities of the academic gatekeepers, whose duties revolve around assuring that what is created is based on best practices. The scientist/scholar wishes to push the boundaries, discover the possible causes for X. The reviewers wish to protect the academic community from bad ideas, unreliable methods, and unsound theories. One group, therefore, is inherently liberal in its thinking, while the latter is routinely more conservative. The argument for the past twenty to thirty years is that the goals of peer reviewsound, reliable, reproducible research-are noble, but the method of application of academic oversight is corrupt, erroneous, and often no better than chance in its outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to draw a comparison to a time of peer review rarely examined, that being the method applied prior to the 17th Century, to the current system The Church and Peer Review: Was "Peer" Review Fairer, More Honest Then Than Now? 2 Journal of Scholarly Publishing, December 2012 in place today and, in doing so, offering that the similarities may provide some counsel to the development of a new form of peer review.