What is adapted in face adaptation? The neural representations of expression in the human visual system

Fox, Christopher J.; Barton, Jason J.S.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.104

Cited by 195 publications

(299 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Thus, this finding (Fox & Barton, 2007) does not definitively exclude a role for local adaptation to image elements in expression aftereffects. For example, one could suppose that adaptation to tilt mediates aftereffects of the expression of anger, since this emotion is usually associated with a downward tilt of the eyebrows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Clifford & Rhodes, 2005). While simple colour aftereffects can be explained by adaptation of color-opponency cells in the retina, recent experiments have also shown adaptation aftereffects for high-level visual stimuli such as faces, across such dimensions as identity, gender, race and expression (Fox & Barton, 2007;Leopold, O'Toole, Vetter, & Blanz, 2001;Webster, Kaping, Mizokami, & Duhamel, 2004). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study of facial expression aftereffects, Fox & Barton (2007) showed that the aftereffects persisted even when adapting and test stimuli were images of different individuals, suggesting that neural representations of expression are identity-invariant. However, because expression aftereffects generated by incongruent identities were smaller than ones generated by congruent identities, a second, identity-dependent representation of expression was also postulated (Fox & Barton, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, because expression aftereffects generated by incongruent identities were smaller than ones generated by congruent identities, a second, identity-dependent representation of expression was also postulated (Fox & Barton, 2007). While identity-invariant expression aftereffects are unlikely to be the result of local adaptation to image elements, as the adapting and test stimuli are pictures of different people, identity-dependent expression aftereffects may reflect such local adaptation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While identity-invariant expression aftereffects are unlikely to be the result of local adaptation to image elements, as the adapting and test stimuli are pictures of different people, identity-dependent expression aftereffects may reflect such local adaptation. To counter this, Fox & Barton (2007) noted that the magnitude of the identitydependent expression aftereffect was not affected when the adapting stimulus was changed to a different picture of the same expression in the same individual, than the image used to create the morphed test stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors contributing to the adaptation aftereffects of facial expression

et al. 2008

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Previous studies have demonstrated the existence of adaptation aftereffects for facial expressions. Here we investigated which aspects of facial stimuli contribute to these aftereffects. In Experiment 1 we examined the role of local adaptation to image elements such as curvature, shape and orientation, independent of expression, by using hybrid faces constructed from either the same or opposing expressions. While hybrid faces made with consistent expressions generated aftereffects as large as that with normal faces, there were no aftereffects from hybrid faces made from different expressions, despite the fact that these contained the same local image elements. In Experiment 2 we examined the role of facial features independent of the normal face configuration, by contrasting adaptation with whole faces to adaptation with scrambled faces. We found that scrambled faces also generated significant aftereffects, indicating that expressive features without a normal facial configuration could generate expression aftereffects. In Experiment 3 we examined the role of facial configuration by using schematic faces made from line elements that in isolation do not carry expression-related information (e.g. curved segments and straight lines), but that convey an expression when arranged in a normal facial configuration. We obtained a significant aftereffect for facial configurations but not scrambled configurations of these line elements. We conclude that face expression aftereffects are not due to local adaptation to image elements but due to high-level adaptation of neural representations that involve both facial features and facial configuration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors contributing to the adaptation aftereffects of facial expression

et al. 2008

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Face Perception

Barton

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Face perception is a challenging task, given the richness of information contained in faces, such as identity, expression and age, their dynamic and complex shapes and the subtlety of the differences between faces. Our face expertise shows a marked orientation dependence, being superior for upright faces, and the mechanisms involved process not only facial features but their spatial relationships to each other in a holistic, integrated manner. Cognitive models propose that recognition involves a flow of information through a series of stages, with distinct pathways for different facial properties, such as identity and expression. Anatomically, face processing involve a core face processing network in the occipital and temporal lobes, including the fusiform face area, as well as more extended regions of the brain. Face recognition is impaired in the condition of prosopagnosia, which can be either acquired or developmental. It may also be anomalous in some subjects with autism. Key Concepts Many types of information can be gathered through face perception, including the identity, gender, emotional state, age and attractiveness of the person. The face inversion effect is a marker of an orientation‐dependent perceptual expertise we develop with faces. The composite face effect and the part–whole advantage are experimental observations that show that we process faces in a holistic manner. Not all parts of the face are equal in importance: the upper half and the eyes play a greater role in identifying the face. Cognitive models propose a series of processing stages, with information flowing from perception to memory, and in different streams for identity and expression processing. Neuroanatomic data show a core face network in the occipital and temporal lobes, more significant in the right side of the brain that interacts with additional regions in frontal and anterior temporal regions. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognise the identity of familiar faces, or to learn to recognise new faces. There is debate about whether the recognition problem in prosopagnosia is limited to faces: some data indicate that identification of other objects for which the patient is also an expert may be affected too. Prosopagnosia can be developmental, perhaps through a hereditary defect that affects the development of face‐sensitive cortical regions or their connections. Patients with autism can have difficulty with recognising the identity or expression of faces: some suggest that this is due to their tendency to avoid looking at faces.

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Neural adaptation to thin and fat bodies in the fusiform body area and middle occipital gyrus: An fMRI adaptation study

Hummel

Rudolf

Brandi

et al. 2012

Human Brain Mapping

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Visual perception can be strongly biased due to exposure to specific stimuli in the environment, often causing neural adaptation and visual aftereffects. In this study, we investigated whether adaptation to certain body shapes biases the perception of the own body shape. Furthermore, we aimed to evoke neural adaptation to certain body shapes. Participants completed a behavioral experiment (n = 14) to rate manipulated pictures of their own bodies after adaptation to demonstratively thin or fat pictures of their own bodies. The same stimuli were used in a second experiment (n = 16) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation. In the behavioral experiment, after adapting to a thin picture of the own body participants also judged a thinner than actual body picture to be the most realistic and vice versa, resembling a typical aftereffect. The fusiform body area (FBA) and the right middle occipital gyrus (rMOG) show neural adaptation to specific body shapes while the extrastriate body area (EBA) bilaterally does not. The rMOG cluster is highly selective for bodies and perhaps body parts. The findings of the behavioral experiment support the existence of a perceptual body shape aftereffect, resulting from a specific adaptation to thin and fat pictures of one's own body. The fMRI results imply that body shape adaptation occurs in the FBA and the rMOG. The role of the EBA in body shape processing remains unclear. The results are also discussed in the light of clinical body image disturbances.

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What is adapted in face adaptation? The neural representations of expression in the human visual system

Cited by 195 publications

References 36 publications

Factors contributing to the adaptation aftereffects of facial expression

Factors contributing to the adaptation aftereffects of facial expression

Face Perception

Neural adaptation to thin and fat bodies in the fusiform body area and middle occipital gyrus: An fMRI adaptation study

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