“…Lack of private pension income among minority ethnic groups may, in part, stem from shorter employment records in the UK and discriminatory processes in the labour market (Ginn, 2003). Also, while improvements in educational qualifications have enhanced women's private pensions (Disney et al, 2009), greater numbers of women in high-paid managerial and professional positions with access to occupational pension schemes have increased polarisation between the pension prospects of the lowest-and highestpaid women (Warren, 2003). However, although Disney et al (2009) found that social class has a significant impact on the likelihood of contributing to a private pension, Warren (2003) asserts that any advantages in pay and status that women have over men do not translate into an equivalent advantage in terms of pension wealth.…”