What Has Immunology Brought to Periodontal Disease in Recent Years?

Abstract

Recent decades have shed a new light on the pathomechanism of periodontal inflammation. While classic periodontology concentrates on biofilm control, oral hygiene improvement, professional tooth cleaning and surgical correction of damaged periodontal tissues, new aspects of the destruction mechanisms are being raised. Among them, the greatest attention is paid to the influence of host response on the clinical manifestations of the disease. Numerous studies have proved that the shift from gingivitis to periodontitis is not a simple progress of the disease, but an event occurring only in susceptible individuals. Susceptibility may result from appearance of local factors facilitating biofilm accumulation and/or maturation, or from systemic features, among which over-reaction and prolonged agitation of non-specific component of inflammatory response is crucial. The present paper summarizes the association between periodontology and immunology and updates the knowledge accrued mostly in the recent years. After a brief explanation of advances in understanding of the disease aetiology, the most studied and potentially viable immunological markers of periodontal disease are presented. Possible new therapeutic strategies, exploiting knowledge about the nature of host response—immunomodulation and reduction of chronic oxidative stress—are also presented.

Assessment of the Effect on Periodontitis of Antibiotic Therapy and Bacterial Lysate Treatment

“…The immunological examination performed in this study paid close attention to the biological function of IL-6 and examined its link to periodontal tissue destruction compared to IL-1 and TNFα. In the literature, there are data supporting the gene expression of IL-1 and IL-6 in gingival tissues and relevant protein levels in gingival crevicular fluid, thus confirming an increase in both markers during inflammation [50]. IL-6 is produced by activated T cells or B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells or endothelial cells and fibroblasts [51].…”

From Oral Health to Obstetric Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review of Periodontal Disease and Its Implications for Preeclampsia

“…It is widely acknowledged that the host immune system's reaction to periodontopathic pathogens constitutes a significant component in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, marked by the intricate interplay between these bacteria and the host's immune system [ 12 ]. This interplay can provoke an imbalance in the immune response, tipping the scales in favor of disease progression [ 13 ]. Comprehending the immunological intricacies of periodontal disease is imperative for devising effective therapeutic strategies.…”

“…Comprehending the immunological intricacies of periodontal disease is imperative for devising effective therapeutic strategies. This includes interventions aimed at immunomodulation and mitigating chronic oxidative stress, which are vital avenues for developing treatments that can effectively halt or reverse the progression of periodontal disease [ 13 ].…”

Influence of Diabetes Mellitus and Smoking on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid

“…Pathogens that are present in the periodontal pocket determine cross-signaling between multiple cell types and release cytokines that form complex networks [1,2]. The disproportion between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines stimulates the progression of periodontal lesions and stops the resolution capacity of the immuno-inflammatory process [3][4][5][6].…”